The metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction: Common highway to type 2 diabetes and CVD?
Abstract
Due to global lifestyle changes, obesity (the main driver of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ) is reaching pandemic proportions. The metabolic syndrome, which is regarded as a prediabetic state, is characterized by a concurrence of interrelated cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is common in the metabolic syndrome and is associated with increased risk for T2D and CVD. This review focuses on the mechanisms linking ED to the metabolic syndrome, T2D, and CVD, and the possible therapies that may improve ED and reduce T2D and CVD risk.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Endothelial dysfunction is widely present in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
“In addition, endothelial dysfunction is widely present in obesity and the metabolic syndrome (84, 325, 358).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [84]
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,769 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
Ahmed, A., Jorna, T., & Bhandari, S. (2016) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000447068 · Cited by 11,782 · see citing works
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, lifestyle interventions prevented or delayed the onset of T2D in a high-risk population [ 50 ].”
Background(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200001203420301 · Cited by 8,663 · see citing works
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760 · see citing works
Chen, X., Xiu, M., Xing, J., Yu, S., Min, D., & Guo, F. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000479439 · Cited by 5,759 · see citing works
Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Mechanism of Metformin Action
Zhou, G., Myers, R., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Shen, X., Fenyk-Melody, J., Wu, M., Ventre, J., Doebber, T., Fujii, N., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci13505 · Cited by 5,652 · see citing works
The Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications
Brownlee, M. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1615 · Cited by 5,339 · see citing works
Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
Saltiel, A. R., & Kahn, C. R. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414799a · Cited by 5,326 · see citing works
Dormandy, J. A., Charbonnel, B., Eckland, D. J., Erdmann, E., Massi-Benedetti, M., Moules, I. K., Skene, A. M., Tan, M. H., Lefèbvre, P. J., Murray, G. D., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67528-9 · Cited by 4,129 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress
Cai, H., & Harrison, D. G. (2000) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.87.10.840 · Cited by 3,839 · see citing works
Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837 · see citing works
Intensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease
LaRosa, J. C., Grundy, S. M., Waters, D. D., Shear, C., Barter, P., Fruchart, J.-C., Gotto, A. M., Greten, H., Kastelein, J. J. P., Shepherd, J., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050461 · Cited by 3,489 · see citing works
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk
Hill, J. M., Zalos, G., Halcox, J. P. J., Schenke, W. H., Waclawiw, M. A., Quyyumi, A. A., & Finkel, T. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022287 · Cited by 3,423 · see citing works
A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Görgün, C. Z., Uysal, K. T., Maeda, K., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01137 · Cited by 3,359 · see citing works
Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome
Wajchenberg, B. L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 · Cited by 2,961 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance
Houstis, N., Rosen, E. D., & Lander, E. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04634 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Yudkin, J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Emeis, J. J., & Coppack, S. W. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.4.972 · Cited by 2,465 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., & Hennekens, C. H. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.15.1767 · Cited by 2,429 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
Berg, A. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000163635.62927.34 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes
Lowell, B. B., & Shulman, G. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104343 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works
The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction
Widlansky, M. E., Gokce, N., Keaney, J. F., & Vita, J. A. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00994-x · Cited by 1,749 · see citing works
Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease
(2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa060900 · Cited by 1,729 · see citing works
Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon.
Zilversmit, D. B. (1979) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.60.3.473 · Cited by 1,701 · see citing works
Hofstra, L., Tordoir, J. H. M., Kitslaar, P. J. E. H. M., Hoeks, A. P. G., & Daemen, M. J. A. P. (1996) · PubMed · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.6.1283 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A., & Grodsky, G. M. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.1 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular Events after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Bønaa, K. H., Njølstad, I., Ueland, P. M., Schirmer, H., Tverdal, A., Steigen, T., Wang, H., Nordrehaug, J. E., Arnesen, E., & Rasmussen, K. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055227 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
Ceriello, A., & Motz, E. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000122852.22604.78 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Buchanan, T. A., Xiang, A. H., Peters, R. K., Kjos, S. L., Marroquin, A., Goico, J., Ochoa, C., Tan, S., Berkowitz, K., Hodis, H. N., et al. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2796 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Willerson, J. T., & Ridker, P. M. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000129535.04194.38 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Steinberg, H. O., Brechtel, G., Johnson, A., Fineberg, N. S., & Baron, A. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117433 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
(2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.11.1338 · Cited by 1,209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The use of antioxidants and vitamins, although promising in short-term studies assessing surrogate end points [51], has so far not yielded the expected benefit in long-term prospective trials [ 52 ,53].”
BackgroundCusi, K., Maezono, K., Osman, A., Pendergrass, M., Patti, M. E., Pratipanawatr, T., DeFronzo, R. A., Kahn, C. R., & Mandarino, L. J. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci7535 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Endothelial Function: Cardiac Events
Lerman, A., & Zeiher, A. M. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000153339.27064.14 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Frühbeck, G., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., Muruzábal, F., & Burrell, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e827 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Unger, R. H. (2002) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes
Yach, D., Stückler, D., & Brownell, K. D. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0106-62 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
The Burden of Mortality Attributable to Diabetes
Roglić, G., Unwin, N. C., Bennett, P. H., Mathers, C. D., Tuomilehto, J. O., Nag, S., Connolly, V. M., & King, H. O. M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.9.2130 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Tissue Angiotensin and Pathobiology of Vascular Disease
Dzau, V. J. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.37.4.1047 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Meigs, J. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.1978 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Nappo, F., Esposito, K., Cioffi, M., Giugliano, G., Molinari, A. M., Paolisso, G., Marfella, R., & Giugliano, D. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01741-2 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Haffner, S. M., Solomon, C. G., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1129 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Yudkin, J. S., Eringa, E. C., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66585-3 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Kukidome, D., Nishikawa, T., Sonoda, K., Imoto, K., Fujisawa, K., Yano, M., Motoshima, H., Taguchi, T., Matsumura, T., & Araki, E. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-0943 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Davis, B. J., Xie, Z., Viollet, B., & Zou, M. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1064 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage Coincides With Microalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetes
Nieuwdorp, M., Mooij, H. L., Kroon, J., Atasever, B., Spaan, J. A. E., İnce, C., Holleman, F., Diamant, M., Heine, R. J., Hoekstra, J. B. L., et al. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1619 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Self-citationLandmesser, U., Bahlmann, F. H., Mueller, M. F., Spiekermann, S., Kirchhoff, N., Schulz, S., Manes, C., Fischer, D., de Groot, K., Fliser, D., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000164260.82417.3f · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Blood flow and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action
Clark, M. G., Wallis, M. G., Barrett, E. J., Keske, M. A., Richards, S. M., Clerk, L. H., & Rattigan, S. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2002 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Endothelial Dysfunction: Cause of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Pinkney, J. H., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Coppack, S. W., & Yudkin, J. S. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.2.s9 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Du, X., Edelstein, D., Obici, S., Higham, N., Zou, M., & Brownlee, M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23354 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Through Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Scheen, A. J. (2004) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200464220-00004 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Improved Islet Morphology after Blockade of the Renin- Angiotensin System in the ZDF Rat
Tikellis, C., Wookey, P. J., Candido, R., Andrikopoulos, S., Thomas, M. C., & Cooper, M. E. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.4.989 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Thiazolidinediones in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diamant, M., & Heine, R. J. (2003) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200363130-00004 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance
Hsueh, W. A., & Quiñones, M. J. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00611-8 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)
Viberti, G. C., Kahn, S. E., Greene, D. A., Herman, W. H., Zinman, B., Holman, R. R., Haffner, S. M., Levy, D. A., Lachin, J. M., Berry, R. A., et al. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1737 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Testing Endothelial Vasomotor Function
Ganz, P., & Vita, J. A. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000089507.19675.f9 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Herrmann, J. (2001) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00347-9 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
de Jager, J., Kooy, A., Lehert, P., Bets, D., Wulffelé, M. G., Teerlink, T., Scheffer, P. G., Schalkwijk, C., Donker, A. J. M., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm
Dandona, P., Aljada, A., & Mohanty, P. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-001-0766-5 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sidhu, J. S., Cowan, D., & Kaski, J. C. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.04.001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Hemostatic Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Meigs, J. B., O’Donnell, C. J., Tofler, G. H., Benjamin, E. J., Fox, C. S., Lipinska, I., Nathan, D. M., SULLIVAN, L. M., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1041 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Cytokines on Endothelial Functions: Implication of Vascular Disease
Kougias, P., Chai, H., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q. C., Lumsden, A. B., & Chen, C. (2005) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2004.12.023 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The DREAM Trial Investigators (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1485-5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Caballero, A. E., Delgado, A., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Herrera, A. N., Castillo, J. L., Cabrera, T., Gomez-Perez, F. J., & Rull, J. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0019 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Why Syndrome X? From Harold Himsworth to the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Reaven, G. M. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease
Lyon, C. J., & Hsueh, W. A. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.08.014 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Tushuizen, M. E., Nieuwland, R., Scheffer, P. G., Sturk, A., Heine, R. J., & Diamant, M. (2006) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01914.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationCampia, U., Matuskey, L. A., & Panza, J. A. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.549618 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Schindhelm, R. K., Diamant, M., Bakker, S. J. L., van Dijk, R. A. J. M., Scheffer, P. G., Teerlink, T., Kostense, P. J., & Heine, R. J. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01502.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPostprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., & Heine, R. J. (2005) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.020511 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Venrooij, F. V., van de Ree, M. A., Bots, M., Stolk, R., Huisman, M., & Banga, J. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1211 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Diamant, M., Lamb, H. J., van de Ree, M. A., Endert, E. L., Groeneveld, Y., Bots, M. L., Kostense, P. J., & Radder, J. K. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1579 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationEringa, E. C., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Walburg, K. V., Clark, A. D., Amerongen, G. P. V. N., Westerhof, N., & Sipkema, P. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000198248.19391.3e · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction
Yki‐Järvinen, H. (2003) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1521-690x(03)00033-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Rossi, R., Cioni, E., Nuzzo, A., Origliani, G., & Modena, M. G. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.702 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Impact of the renin-angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Strazzullo, P., & Galletti, F. (2004) · Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00041552-200405000-00010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Adipose tissue as source and target for novel therapies
Klein, J. C., Perwitz, N., Kraus, D., & Faßhauer, M. (2005) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abel, E. D., Litwin, S. E., & Sweeney, G. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2007 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Pedersen, B. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048074 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
The diseasome of physical inactivity – and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross talk
Pedersen, B. K. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Pedersen, B. K. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The physiology of optimizing health with a focus on exercise as medicine
Pedersen, B. K. (2019) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114339 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
- Authors
- Diamant, M., & Tushuizen, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Current Diabetes Reports
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 279-286
- ISSN
- 1534-4827 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-0829
- OpenAlex
- W2138371429
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Diabetes Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, prediabetes, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Hypertension, Obesity, Risk Factors, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review