CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 47Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchInflammation biomarkers and pathways

The Th1 versus Th2 cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children

Amick, Jonathan E., Yandora, Kristin A., Bell, Michael J., Wisniewski, Stephen R., Adelson, P. David, Carcillo, Joseph A., Janesko, Keri L., DeKosky, Steven T. +3 more·2001·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
DOI 10.1097/00130478-200107000-00013
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To further characterize the Th1 (proinflammatory) vs. the Th2 (antiinflammatory) cytokine profile after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) by quantifying the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Th1 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2 and IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12) in infants and children. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University children's hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-four children hospitalized with severe TBI (admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, <13) and 12 controls with negative diagnostic lumbar punctures. INTERVENTIONS: All TBI patients received standard neurointensive care, including the placement of an intraventricular catheter for continuous drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 105) were collected for as long as the catheters were in place (between 4 hrs and 222 hrs after TBI). Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Peak and mean IL-6 (335.7 +/- 41.4 pg/mL and 259.5 +/- 37.6 pg/mL, respectively) and IL-12 (11.4 +/- 2.2 pg/mL and 4.3 +/- 0.8 pg/mL, respectively) concentrations were increased (p <.05) in children after TBI vs. controls (2.3 +/- 0.7 pg/mL and 1.0 +/- 0.5 pg/mL) for IL-6 and IL-12, respectively. In contrast, peak and mean IL-2 and IL-4 concentrations were not increased in TBI children vs. controls. Increases in the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of IL-6 were significantly associated with admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of </=4 and age of </=4 yrs. Increases in cerebrospinal fluid IL-4 and IL-12 were associated with child abuse as an injury mechanism (both p </=.05 vs. accidental TBI). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that IL-6 levels are increased in cerebrospinal fluid after TBI in infants and children. It is the first report of increased IL-12 levels in cerebrospinal fluid after TBI in infants and children. Further, it is the first to report on IL-2 and IL-4 levels in pediatric or adult TBI. These data suggest that selected members of both the Th1 and Th2 cytokine families are increased as part of the endogenous inflammatory response to TBI. Finally, in that both IL-6 and IL-12 (but neither IL-2 nor IL-4) can be produced by astrocytes and/or neurons, a parenchymal source for cytokines in the brain after TBI may be critical to their production in the acute phase after TBI.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00130478-200107000-00013

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Amick, J. E., Yandora, K. A., Bell, M. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Adelson, P. D., Carcillo, J. A., Janesko, K. L., DeKosky, S. T., Carlos, T. M., Clark, R. S. B., & Kochanek, P. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • Children's National (US)
ORCID
Venue
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2001-07
Volume
2
Issue
3
Pages
260-264
ISSN
1529-7535 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00130478-200107000-00013
OpenAlex
W1985786338
Cited by
47
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, cerebrospinal fluid cytokines, Th1/Th2 balance, interleukin-6, IL-12, interleukin-2, IL-4, infants and children, intraventricular catheter, Glasgow Coma Scale, child abuse, injury mechanisms, neuroinflammation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review