Brain development in rodents and humans: identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species

Semple, Bridgette D.; Blomgren, Klas; Gimlin, Kayleen; Ferriero, Donna M.; Noble-Haeusslein, Linda J.

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001

Cited by 2,132Neonatal and fetal brain pathologyNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

Brain development in rodents and humans: identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species

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Semple, Bridgette D., Blomgren, Klas, Gimlin, Kayleen, Ferriero, Donna M., Noble-Haeusslein, Linda J.·2013·Progress in Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001PMC PMC3737272

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Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are leading causes of long-term mortality and disability in infants and children. Although several preclinical models using rodents of different ages have been developed, species differences in the timing of key brain maturation events can render comparisons of vulnerability and regenerative capacities difficult to interpret. Traditional models of developmental brain injury have utilized rodents at postnatal day 7-10 as being roughly equivalent to a term human infant, based historically on the measurement of post-mortem brain weights during the 1970s. Here we will examine fundamental brain development processes that occur in both rodents and humans, to delineate a comparable time course of postnatal brain development across species. We consider the timing of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, oligodendrocyte maturation and age-dependent behaviors that coincide with developmentally regulated molecular and biochemical changes. In general, while the time scale is considerably different, the sequence of key events in brain maturation is largely consistent between humans and rodents. Further, there are distinct parallels in regional vulnerability as well as functional consequences in response to brain injuries. With a focus on developmental hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury, this review offers guidelines for researchers when considering the most appropriate rodent age for the developmental stage or process of interest to approximate human brain development.

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The CNS shows regionally and temporally distinct vulnerability to various diseases and insults.
“the CNS exhibits regionally and temporally distinct patterns of vulnerability to various diseases and insults (Figure 2) (Kessler et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2014; Semple et al., 2013; Tebbenkamp et al., 2014).”
From The Cellular and Molecular Landscapes of the Developing Human Central Nervous System (2016) · cites this paper as Semple et al., 2013
Human brain development is protracted compared with other species, so despite having a more mature brain at birth than rats, humans remain vulnerable to insult.
“development of the human brain is protracted compared to other species (Clancy et al., 2001; Miller et al, 2012; Semple et al., 2013), so despite having a more “mature” brain at birth compared to rats, vulnerability to insult remains.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Semple et al., 2013
The age at which maternal separation occurs in most animal experiments corresponds to a gestational age in humans for some aspects of brain development.
“the age at which maternal separation occurs in most animal experiments corresponds to a gestational age in humans, at least in terms of some aspects of brain development (Semple et al., 2013).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Semple et al., 2013

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Authors: Semple, B. D., Blomgren, K., Gimlin, K., Ferriero, D. M., & Noble-Haeusslein, L. J.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Semple, Bridgette D.
ORCID: Semple, Bridgette D.
Blomgren, Klas
Ferriero, Donna M.
Venue: Progress in Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-07
Volume: 106-107
Pages: 1-16
ISSN: 0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001
PMC: PMC3737272
OpenAlex: W2027917639
Cited by: 2,132
References: 252
Citations by year: 2026: 156 · 2025: 210 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 241 · 2020: 213 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 164 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 9
FWCI: 8.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ns077767-02)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (#R01NS077767, R01NS050159, NS077767)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: brain development, developmental brain injury, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, rodent models, postnatal development, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, oligodendrocyte maturation, species differences, developmental vulnerability, preclinical models
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Brain Injuries, Humans, Oligodendroglia, Rodentia, Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain, Neurogenesis

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Brain development in rodents and humans: identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species

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