Cited by 418Stress Responses and CortisolWorkplace Health and Well-beingWorkaholism, burnout, and well-being

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Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response

Schlotz, Wolff, Hellhammer, Juliane, Schulz, Peter, Stone, Arthur A.·2004·Psychosomatic Medicine

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The cortisol increase after awakening has been shown to be associated with work-related stress. Several studies demonstrated a moderate stability of cortisol awakening responses on subsequent days, suggesting situation-dependent variance. This study tests whether cortisol awakening responses are different on weekdays compared with weekend days and whether such differences may be explained by chronic work overload and worrying. METHODS: Two hundred nineteen participants took saliva samples immediately after awakening and 30, 45, and 60 minutes later on 6 consecutive days starting on Saturday. Perceived chronic work overload and worrying were assessed by a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: There is a clear weekend-weekday difference in the cortisol response to awakening. This difference is associated with chronic work overload and worry. Independent of sex and weekend-weekday differences in time of awakening and sleep duration, participants who report higher levels of chronic work overload and worrying show a stronger increase and higher mean levels of cortisol after awakening on weekdays, but not on weekend days. CONCLUSIONS: The weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response and their association with chronic stress clearly demonstrate that the day of cortisol assessment is crucial in psychoendocrinological stress studies.

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Authors: Schlotz, W., Hellhammer, J., Schulz, P., & Stone, A. A.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
Stony Brook University (US)
Corresponding author: Schlotz, Wolff
ORCID: Schlotz, Wolff
Schulz, Peter
Stone, Arthur A.
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-03
Volume: 66
Issue: 2
Pages: 207-214
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000116715.78238.56
OpenAlex: W2020513581
Cited by: 418
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 5.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
Keywords: cortisol awakening response, chronic worry, chronic occupational stress, diurnal cortisol rhythm, stress biomarkers, salivary cortisol
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Periodicity, Personality Inventory, Saliva, Sex Factors, Sleep, Stress, Psychological, Wakefulness, Work Schedule Tolerance, Biomarkers, Workload

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Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response

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