Measuring Pain Self-efficacy
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It is likely that people with chronic pain who have low self-efficacy have a worse prognosis. A standard, high-quality measure of self-efficacy in such populations would improve evidence, by allowing meaningful comparisons amongst subgroups and between treatments, and by facilitating pooling across studies in systematic reviews. OBJECTIVES: To identify self-administered pain-related self-efficacy measures used in people with chronic pain and to evaluate the clinimetric evidence of the most commonly used scales systematically. METHODS: We searched 2 databases to identify self-efficacy questionnaires. We evaluated questionnaires identified against previously developed criteria for clinimetric assessment. RESULTS: We identified 13 relevant measurements assessing self-efficacy, and clinimetrically assessed 5 of these. These questionnaires were the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale, the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Self-Efficacy Scale. None of the questionnaires showed satisfactory results for all properties. All scales were easily scored and dimensionality was assessed in 2 of 6 of the scales. Internal consistency was acceptable for all questionnaires. There was positive evidence for construct validity in 4 of 6 of the questionnaires. None of the studies used the most up-to-date method of test-retest reliability or responsiveness. Information on interpretability of the scores was minimal in all questionnaires. DISCUSSION: Further research should focus on assessing responsiveness and interpretability of these questionnaires. Researchers should select questionnaires that are most appropriate for their study aims and population and contribute to further validation of these scales. Future research should measure outcome expectancy alongside self-efficacy to best predict future behavior.
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The authors have previously reviewed measures of self-efficacy and concluded that PSEQ is the most appropriate choice for studies of this nature, although all current measures have limitations.
“We have previously reviewed measures of self-efficacy and concluded that PSEQ is the most appropriate choice for studies of this nature; although all current measures have limitations.36”
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“Potential shared mechanisms will include Δ in Working Alliance Inventory [15], Δ in OSPRO-YF [33], Δ in UW Pain-Related Self Efficacy Scale [34], and the Δ in Clinician Rated Patient Engagement [35] (Table 3).”
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- Authors
- Miles, C. L., Pincus, T., Carnes, D., Taylor, S. J. C., & Underwood, M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Miles, Clare L.
- Pincus, Tamar
- Venue
- The Clinical Journal of Pain
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 461-470
- ISSN
- 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056713908
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0707-10189)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- pain self-efficacy, chronic pain, self-efficacy questionnaire, clinimetric properties, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, responsiveness, Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, self-efficacy scale, outcome expectations
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Pain, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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