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Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Craniosynostosis Surgery: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Extensive blood loss is common in pediatric craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used to reduce perioperative blood loss in various settings, but data on its efficacy are limited in children. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in pediatric craniosynostosis correction surgery. The primary and secondary outcome variables were reduction in perioperative blood loss and reduction in blood transfusion, respectively. METHODS: Forty-three children, ages 2 months to 6 yr, received either placebo or TXA in a loading dose of 50 mg·kg(-1), followed by an infusion of 5 mg·kg·h(-1) during surgery. TXA plasma concentrations were measured. RESULTS: The TXA group had significantly lower perioperative mean blood loss (65 vs. 119 ml·kg(-1), P < 0.001) and lower perioperative mean blood transfusion (33 vs. 56 ml· kg(-1), P = 0.006) compared to the placebo group. The mean difference between the TXA and placebo groups for total blood loss was 54 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 23-84 ml·kg(-1)) and for packed erythrocytes transfused was 23 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 7-39 ml·kg(-1)). TXA administration also significantly diminished (by two thirds) the perioperative exposure of patients to transfused blood (median, 1 unit vs. 3 units; P < 0.001). TXA plasma concentrations were maintained above the in vitro thresholds reported for inhibition of fibrinolysis (10 μg·ml(-1)) and plasmin-induced platelet activation (16 μg·ml(-1)) throughout the infusion. CONCLUSIONS: TXA is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirement in children undergoing craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery.
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“They have the advantage of requiring fewer skin incisions and less blood loss and are therefore considered less invasive and more child-friendly [64,65,66,67,68,69,70].”
From Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
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Haas, T., Goobie, S. M., Spielmann, N., Weiß, M., & Schmugge, M. (2014) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12341 · Cited by 159
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Bleeding management for pediatric craniotomies and craniofacial surgery
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“Moreover, TXA has Food and Drug Administration approval for the indications of prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding during dental surgery in patients with hemophilia [6].”
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A review of the management of single-suture craniosynostosis, past, present, and future
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Tranexamic Acid Is Efficacious at Decreasing the Rate of Blood Loss in Adolescent Scoliosis Surgery
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The Efficacy of Antifibrinolytic Drugs in Children Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
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“23 Retrospective No No EACA (62) 100 10 Placebo (34) EBL, transfusion”
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Goobie, S. M., & Faraoni, D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000728 · Cited by 100
Pediatric Patient Blood Management Programs: Not Just Transfusing Little Adults
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Riordan, C. P., Zurakowski, D., Meier, P. M., Alexopoulos, G., Meara, J. G., Proctor, M. R., & Goobie, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.037 · Cited by 86
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“Our simulations predicted that an optimal loading dose of 10 mg/kg over 15 min followed by a 5 mg/kg/h maintenance infusion produces steady-state TXA plasma concentrations above the presumed considered therapeutic threshold of 16 lg/mL, while reducing the initial high peaks observed with the larger dose of 50 mg/kg in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHaas, T., Spielmann, N., Restin, T., Seifert, B., Henze, G., Obwegeser, J. A., Min, K. T., Jeszenszky, D. J., Weiß, M., & Schmugge, M. (2015) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aev136 · Cited by 82
The Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Tranexamic Acid on Intraoperative Bleeding During Rhinoplasty
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Goobie, S. M., Cladis, F. P., Glover, C. D., Huang, H. D., Reddy, S. K., Fernández, A. M., Zurakowski, D., Gries, H., Stricker, P. A., & the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2017) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.13076 · Cited by 82
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“14,15 Since the last review by Rohrich et al, 16 the number of articles examining the use of TXA has doubled; so the aim of this systematic review is to update the readers on the current knowledge and clinical recommendations regarding the efficacy of TXA in plastic surgical procedures.”
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“[9,10] TA has been used in neuro, orthopedic, cardiac, spine and maxillofacial surgeries and has reduced the amount of blood loss and subsequent need for blood transfusion.[11-16] The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative IV TA on postoperative blood loss following surgeries for hip and femor…”
Predictors of Clinically Significant Postoperative Events after Open Craniosynostosis Surgery
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Antifibrinolytic Agents in Cardiac and Noncardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview and Update
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Tranexamic Acid Compared with Placebo for Reducing Total Blood Loss in Hip Replacement Surgery
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Self-citationAntifibrinolytic Agents in Plastic Surgery: Current Practices and Future Directions
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Anaemia and red blood cell transfusion in intracranial neurosurgery: a comprehensive review
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“Antifibrinolytic therapy 2 Goobie et al.(63) Randomised, blinded, single-centre þ/e TXA in paediatric craniosynostosis Blood loss; Allogeneic blood transfusion TXA reduced mean blood loss (65 vs 119 ml kg (1)) and total blood transfused (33 vs 56 ml kg (1)).”
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Hughes, C., Thomas, K., Johnson, D., & Das, S. (2012) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03922.x · Cited by 60
Perioperative bleeding management in pediatric patients
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“Randomized trials of its use in craniofacial surgery have shown it to be effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements.(8,9) TXA has a safe side effect profile with no reports of complications in the pediatric patient population.”
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“Total length of stay 4 (4, 5) 4 (3, 4) <0.”
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“Given that the administration of tranexemic acid significantly reduced blood loss and transfusion rates among those patients undergoing craniosynostosis correction surgery, we must now determine what the best option for antifibrinolytic therapy is given that there are multiple options within this particular class of d…”
BackgroundTranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss in Craniosynostosis Surgery
Kurnik, N. M., Pflibsen, L. R., Bristol, R. E., & Singh, D. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000003731 · Cited by 49
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Jalali, A., Lonsdale, H., Zamora, L., Ahumada, L. M., Nguyen, A. T. H., Rehman, M., Fackler, J. C., Stricker, P. A., Fernández, A. M., & Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004988 · Cited by 47
Spinella, P. C., Leonard, J. C., Gaines, B. A., Luther, J. F., Wisniewski, S. R., Josephson, C. D., Leeper, C. M., & for the MAssive Transfusion epidemiology and outcomes In Children (MATIC) Investigators and BloodNet (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005383 · Cited by 47
“…trial of 43 children undergoing craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery, the TXA group had significantly lower perioperative mean blood loss (65 vs 119 mL/kg; p < 0.001) and lower peri-operative mean blood transfusion (33 vs 56 mL/kg; p = 0.006) compared with the placebo group (22).”
InfluentialEriksen, C. F., Lindholm, A. D., Nørholt, S. E., von Öettingen, G., Tarpgaard, M., Krogh, L., Juul, N., Hvas, A. M., & Rasmussen, M. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.017 · Cited by 46
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“Two recently published prospective, randomized, double-blind studies demonstrated efficacy of TXA administration in patients undergoing major, open craniosynostosis procedures.(40,41) Both studies had adequate power to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the drug and placebo groups.”
BackgroundMebel, D. M., Akagami, R., & Flexman, A. M. (2015) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000001065 · Cited by 43
Practical Use of Thromboelastometry in the Management of Perioperative Coagulopathy and Bleeding
Williams, B., McNeil, J. S., Crabbe, A., & Tanaka, K. A. (2016) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.08.005 · Cited by 43
Abboud, N. M., Kapila, A. K., Abboud, S., Yaacoub, E., & Abboud, M. H. (2021) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum · doi:10.1093/asjof/ojab002 · Cited by 43
The value of tranexamic acid during fronto-orbital advancement in isolated metopic craniosynostosis
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Factors influencing blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion practice in craniosynostosis surgery
van Uitert, A., Megens, J. H. A. M., Breugem, C. C., Stubenitsky, B. M., Han, K. S., & de Graaff, J. C. (2011) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03689.x · Cited by 43
Effect of low dose tranexamic acid on intra-operative blood loss in neurosurgical patients
Bidkar, P. U., Vel, R., Prakash, M. S. S., Adinarayanan, S., Mishra, S. K., & Babu, L. (2014) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/1658-354x.146304 · Cited by 42
“In contrast, Goobie et al.[19] had used a higher dose (50 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg/h) and thus found a significant reduction in the amount of blood transfused (P < 0.”
InfluentialAssessing the Impact of Blood Loss in Cranial Vault Remodeling
Chow, I., Purnell, C. A., & Gosain, A. K. (2015) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001783 · Cited by 41
Use of tranexamic acid in craniosynostosis surgery
Martin, J. P., Wang, J. S., Hanna, K. R., Stovall, M. M., & Lin, K. Y. K. (2015) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/229255031502300413 · Cited by 41
“Plast Surg Vol 23 No 4 Winter 2015 250 Our findings are in agreement with other recent studies that showed reduced transfusion of PRBC and/or surgical blood loss with the use of TXA in CVR procedures (3,4,26-28) but there are several notable differences between these studies and ours.”
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Goobie, S. M., Zurakowski, D., Isaac, K. V., Taicher, B. M., Fernandez, P. G., Derderian, C. K., Hetmaniuk, M., Stricker, P. A., Abruzzese, C., Apuya, J. S., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.10.061 · Cited by 35
“acid administration was associated with significantly fewer postoperative complications.(14,15)”
BackgroundNagy, L., & Demke, J. C. (2014) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2014.08.002 · Cited by 36
Vassal, O., Desgranges, F., Tosetti, S., Burgal, S., Dailler, F., Javouhey, É., Mottolèse, C., & CHASSARD, D. (2015) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12810 · Cited by 36
Perioperative neonatal and paediatric blood transfusion
Bharadwaj, A., Khandelwal, M., & Bhargava, S. (2014) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144679 · Cited by 35
“58 | Issue 5 | Sep-Oct 2014 656 Antithrombolysis Tranexamic acid has been found to be as effective as aprotinin in reducing perioperative bleeding after major paediatric surgery,[20] craniosynostosis[21] and scoliosis surgery and paediatric cardiac surgery[20] also.”
The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group, Fernandez, P. G., Taicher, B. M., Goobie, S. M., Gangadharan, M., Homi, H. M., Kugler, J. A., Skitt, R., Cai, L., Polansky, M., et al. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-019-01307-w · Cited by 35
Guidance Document for the Prehospital Use of Tranexamic Acid in Injured Patients
Fischer, P. E., Bulger, E. M., Perina, D. G., Delbridge, T. R., Gestring, M. L., Fallat, M. E., Shatz, D. V., Doucet, J. J., Levy, M. K., Stuke, L., et al. (2016) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.3109/10903127.2016.1142628 · Cited by 35
Stricker, P. A., Zuppa, A. F., Fiadjoe, J. E., Maxwell, L. G., Sussman, E. M., Pruitt, E. Y., Goebel, T. K., Gastonguay, M. R., Taylor, J. A., Bartlett, S. P., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aes507 · Cited by 34
Tranexamic Acid A Review of its Use in the Treatment of Hyperfibrinolysis
Casati, V., Dietrich, W., Arabia, S., Hekmat, K., & Wong, J. (2012) · Cited by 34
Damage-control resuscitation in pediatric trauma: What you need to know
Russell, R. T., Leeper, C. M., & Spinella, P. C. (2023) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004081 · Cited by 32
Hansen, J. K., Lydick, A. M., Wyatt, M. M., & Andrews, B. T. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000003711 · Cited by 31
“Previous research had shown that TXA loading doses between 15 and 50 mg kg 1 followed by 10 and 5 mg kg 1 h (1), respectively, reduced blood loss and perioperative transfusion rates in primary and redo craniosynostosis surgeries.(4,5) The rational for using low-dose TXA is that TXA has been associated with an increase…”
BackgroundCraniosynostosis Surgery and the Impact of Tranexamic Acid Dosing
Kurnik, N. M., Pflibsen, L. R., Do, A., Bristol, R. E., & Singh, D. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000004196 · Cited by 31
Clinical Applications of Tranexamic Acid in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Brown, S., Brown, T., & Rohrich, R. J. (2024) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000011288 · Cited by 30
Stricker, P. A., Lin, E. E., Fiadjoe, J. E., Sussman, E. M., Pruitt, E. Y., Zhao, H., & Jobes, D. R. (2013) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31827008e6 · Cited by 30
Siotou, K., Siotos, C., Azizi, A., Cheah, M. A., Seal, S. M., Redett, R. J., & Rosson, G. D. (2019) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2019.01.032 · Cited by 30
Nguyen, T. T., Hill, S., Austin, T. M., Whitney, G., Wellons, J. C., & Lam, H. V. (2015) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2015.3.peds14663 · Cited by 30
Management of Dilutional Coagulopathy during Pediatric Major Surgery
Haas, T., Mauch, J. Y., Weiß, M., & Schmugge, M. (2012) · Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy · doi:10.1159/000337245 · Cited by 29
Strategies to reduce the use of blood products: a US perspective
Shander, A., & Javidroozi, M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e32834dd282 · Cited by 36
“Several recent studies support the efficacy of TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusions in various settings including orthopedic surgeries [48–51], cardiac surgeries [52,53], pediatric craniosynostosis surgery [54,55] and possibly trauma [56].”
ResultStricker, P. A., Cladis, F. P., Fiadjoe, J. E., McCloskey, J. J., & Maxwell, L. G. (2011) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03619.x · Cited by 27
Ali, A., Basaran, B., Yornuk, M., Altun, D., Aydöseli, A., Sencer, A., & Akıncı, İ. Ö. (2014) · Pediatric Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000368781 · Cited by 27
Kim, E. J., Kim, Y. O., Shim, K., Ko, B. W., Lee, J. W., & Koo, B. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.25008 · Cited by 27
“Due to the inaccuracy in estimating blood loss during surgery, blood loss was calculated by the anesthesiologist using a previously adopted formula for this patient population [6, 18, 19]:”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBhatia, N., Sen, I. M., Kumari, K., Kumar, P., & Bharti, N. (2017) · Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.egja.2017.05.004 · Cited by 26
King, M. R., Staffa, S. J., Stricker, P. A., Pérez‐Pradilla, C., Nelson, O. K., Benzon, H. A., Goobie, S. M., & the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2022) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.14540 · Cited by 26
Intraoperative management of blood loss during craniosynostosis surgery
Pietrini, D., & Goobie, S. M. (2013) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12093 · Cited by 26
Stricker, P. A., Fiadjoe, J. E., Kilbaugh, T. J., Pruitt, E. Y., Taylor, J. A., Bartlett, S. P. P., & McCloskey, J. J. (2012) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0b013e31825b561b · Cited by 26
Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: the use of blood components and their alternatives
Shah, A., Klein, A. A., Agarwal, S., Lindley, A. M., Ahmed, A. B., Dowling, K., Jackson, E., Das, S. K., Raviraj, D., Collis, R. E., et al. (2025) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16542 · Cited by 30
Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review
Spazzapan, P., & Velnar, T. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040435 · Cited by 24
Glover, C. D., Fernández, A. M., Huang, H. D., Derderian, C. A., Binstock, W. B., Reid, R. R., Dalesio, N. M., Zhong, J., Stricker, P. A., & The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2018) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.13418 · Cited by 23
Transfusion-Free Cranial Vault Remodeling: A Novel, Multifaceted Approach
Wood, R. J., Stewart, C. N., Liljeberg, K. M., Sylvanus, T. S., & Lim, P. K. (2019) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006323 · Cited by 23
Pediatric Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Consensus Conference Research Priorities
Russell, R. T., Bembea, M. M., Borgman, M. A., Burd, R. S., Gaines, B. A., Jafri, M. A., Josephson, C. D., Leeper, C. M., Leonard, J. C., Muszynski, J. A., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000003802 · Cited by 21
Meier, P. M., Zurakowski, D., Goobie, S. M., Proctor, M. R., Meara, J. G., Young, V. J., Rogers, G. F., & DiNardo, J. A. (2016) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12980 · Cited by 21
Importance of tranexamic acid in pediatric monosutural craniosynostosis surgery
Eustache, G., Nardi, N., Rousseau, C., Aouaissia, S., Aillet, S., Larralde, S. D., Wodey, E., & Riffaud, L. (2021) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2021.10.peds21438 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Goobie, S. M., Meier, P. M., Pereira, L. M., McGowan, F. X., Prescilla, R. P., Scharp, L. A., Rogers, G. F., Proctor, M. R., Meara, J. G., Soriano, S. G., Zurakowski, D., & Sethna, N. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Instructor in Anesthesia.
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
- Professor of Anesthesia.
- Research Technician, †† Professor.
- Assistant Professor.
- Associate Professor, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery.
- Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia (Director of Biostatistics).
- Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Anesthesiology
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 862-871
- ISSN
- 0003-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016016217
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anesthesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood transfusion and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hemostasis and retained surgical items
- Keywords
- tranexamic acid, pediatric craniosynostosis, perioperative blood loss, blood transfusion, fibrinolysis inhibition, plasma drug concentration, children
- MeSH terms
- Antifibrinolytic Agents, Blood Transfusion, Child, Child, Preschool, Craniosynostoses, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Infant, Intraoperative Care, Male, Tranexamic Acid, Blood Loss, Surgical, Treatment Outcome
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