The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Use of the Etonogestrel Implant and Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Beyond the U.S. Food and Drug Administration–Approved Duration
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the contraceptive implant and the 52-mg hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) in women using the method beyond the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved duration of 3 and 5 years, respectively. METHODS: Women willing to continue using their implant or 52-mg levonorgestrel IUD beyond the FDA-approved duration were followed prospectively for contraceptive effectiveness. Unintended pregnancy rate per 100 women-years was calculated. Implant users are offered periodic venipuncture for analysis of serum etonogestrel levels. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the etonogestrel levels across body mass index (BMI) groups. RESULTS: Implant users (n=237) have contributed 229.4 women-years of follow-up, with 123 using the etonogestrel implant for 4 years and 34 using it for 5 years. Zero pregnancies have been documented, for a failure rate of 0 (one-sided 97.5% confidence interval [CI] 0-1.61) per 100 women-years. Among 263 levonorgestrel IUD users, 197.7 women-years of follow-up have been completed. One pregnancy was confirmed, for a failure rate of 0.51 (95% CI 0.01-2.82) per 100 women-years. Among implant users with serum etonogestrel results, the median and range of etonogestrel level at 3 years of use was 188.8 pg/mL (range 63.8-802.6 pg/mL) and 177.0 pg/mL (67.9-470.5 pg/mL) at 4 years of use. Etonogestrel levels did not differ by BMI at either time point (3 years: P=.79; 4 years: P=.47). CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings indicate the contraceptive implant and 52-mg hormonal IUD continue to be highly effective for an additional year beyond the FDA-approved 3 and 5 years. Serum etonogestrel levels indicate the implant contains adequate hormone for ovulation suppression at the end of both 3 and 4 years of use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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Recent data suggest extended contraceptive efficacy of the ENG subdermal implant to at least five years.
“Recent data suggest extended contraceptive efficacy to at least five years [91,92].”
From Oral and depot progestin therapy for endometriosis: towards a personalized medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
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Ali, M., Akin, A., Bahamondes, L., Brache, V., Habib, N., Landoulsi, S., & Hubacher, D. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew222 · Cited by 129
Oral and depot progestin therapy for endometriosis: towards a personalized medicine
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Metadata
- Authors
- McNicholas, C., Maddipati, R., Zhao, Q., Swor, E., & Peipert, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 599-604
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4347947
- OpenAlex
- W2072207878
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 13.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024992)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (L50 HD081198, T32HD055172)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Human Rights and Reproductive Law
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- etonogestrel implant, levonorgestrel intrauterine device, contraceptive effectiveness, body mass index, ovulation inhibition, hormonal contraception, contraceptive failure rate, long-acting reversible contraception
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Contraceptive Agents, Female, Female, Humans, Intrauterine Devices, Medicated, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, Young Adult
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