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Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of major and minor depression, panic disorder, and suicidal ideation during pregnancy while also identifying factors independently associated with antenatal depressive disorders. METHODS: In this prospective study, participants were 1,888 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with probable major depressive disorder and any depressive disorder. RESULTS: Antenatal depressive disorders were present in 9.9% with 5.1% (97) meeting criteria for probable major depression and 4.8% (90) meeting criteria for probable minor depression. Panic disorder was present in 3.2% (61), and current suicidal ideation was reported by 2.6% (49). Among patients with probable major depression, 29.5% (28) reported current suicidal ideation. Psychosocial stress (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.36), domestic violence (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.46-8.12), chronic medical conditions (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.63-5.69), and race (Asian: OR 5.81; 95% CI 2.55-13.23; or African American: OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.24-7.18) each significantly increased the odds of probable antepartum major depressive disorder, whereas older age (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.97) decreased the odds. Factors associated with odds of any depression were similar overall except that Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.09-5.72) also independently increased the odds of any depression. CONCLUSION: Antenatal major and minor depressive disorders are common and significantly associated with clinically relevant and identifiable risk factors. By understanding the high point prevalence and associated factors, clinicians can potentially improve the diagnosis and treatment rates of serious depressive disorders in pregnant women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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“Moreover, symptoms of depression and anxiety have been found to be exacerbated by higher levels of stress (13–15).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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InfluentialRegular Physical Activity during Pregnancy Improves Maternal Depressive Symptoms
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Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress and Mental Health
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“The results of our study are comparable with prior literature showing an association between interpersonal violence and negative health behaviors among mothers residing in both rural and urban areas (Bailey & Daugherty, 2007; Melville et al., 2010; Small et al., 2008).”
ResultThe role of m6A methylation in prenatal maternal psychological distress and birth outcome
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“Although the prevalence varies between studies, approximately 20% of women experience depression- or anxiety-related symptoms already during pregnancy [2,3].”
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“Compared with the epidemiology shown in the literature, the prevalence of depression during pregnancy was estimated to be around 9.9% in the United States [2].”
MethodInfluentialAntenatal Depressive Symptoms and Its Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Northeast, Ethiopia
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“A study in the United States reported that the overall pooled prevalence of depressive symptoms in pregnant women was USA 9.9% (Melville et al., 2010).”
InfluentialPanic disorder during pregnancy and the first three years after delivery: a systematic review
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“El hallazgo de TDM en el 29% de nuestras embarazadas se aproxima al 21% encontrado por Harvey et al. 21 en pacientes evaluadas por psiquiatría de enlace en Australia, pero es superior a los resultados norteamericanos para TDM, como el del 17,8% en el estudio poblacional de Kang-Yi et al. 4 , el 8,4% del trabajo epidem…”
Babineau, V., Jolicoeur‐Martineau, A., Székely, E., Green, C. G., Sassi, R. B., Gaudreau, H., Levitan, R. D., Lydon, J. E., Steiner, M. S., O’Donnell, K. J., et al. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22395 · Cited by 1
“During pregnancy, 8%–12% of women meet criteria for major depression (Melville et al., 2010), and 30% report subclinical depressive symptoms (Bowen & Muhajarine, 2006; Records & Rice, 2007), mak-ingdepressionthemostfrequentprenatalcomplication(Committeeon Obstetric Practice, 2018).”
Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression
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“Maternal mental health is closely linked to CMH outcomes [35].”
BackgroundPregnancy Depression from a Gender Perspective
Lacunza, I., & Martínez‐Cengotitabengoa, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05870-2_19 · Cited by 1
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“9% in another study.(18) Illustrating the uniqueness of our sample, approximately 17% of obese women also had depressive symptoms in our study sample.”
BackgroundDepressive Symptoms among Pregnant Low-Income Adolescents and Implications for Social Workers
Tabb, K. M., Pérez‐Flores, N. J., Piñeros-Leaño, M., Piedra, L. M., Meline, B. S., & Huang, H. Y. (2019) · Journal of Sociology and Social Work · doi:10.15640/jssw.v7n2a1 · Cited by 1
Special Issue: “Exercise Intervention during Pregnancy and Maternal Health”
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Violência na gestação e saúde mental de mulheres que são vítimas de seus parceiros
Fonseca‐Machado, M. D. O. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2014.tde-08012015-101617 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms following antepartum hospitalization
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RAZLIKE IZMEĐU SAMOUBOJSTAVA ŽENA I MUŠKARACA NA PODRUČJU BJELOVARSKO – BILOGORSKE ŽUPANIJE
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Perinatal Patients with Symptoms of Depression
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Metadata
- Authors
- Melville, J. L., Gavin, A., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y., & Katon, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1064-1070
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3068619
- OpenAlex
- W1969021057
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 16.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1kl2rr025015-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH069471, R01MH085668)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015, 1KL2-RR-025015-01)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042828)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, major depressive disorder, minor depression, panic disorder, suicidal ideation, pregnancy, prevalence, risk factors, psychosocial stress, domestic violence, chronic disease, ethnicity, Hispanic women, Asian women, African American women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse, Stress, Psychological, Suicide, Urban Population, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Young Adult
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