The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample
Open accessAbstract
Objective Autism spectrum disorders are now recognized to occur in up to 1% of the population and to be a major public health concern because of their early onset, lifelong persistence, and high levels of associated impairment. Little is known about the associated psychiatric disorders that may contribute to impairment. We identify the rates and type of psychiatric comorbidity associated with ASDs and explore the associations with variables identified as risk factors for child psychiatric disorders.Method A subgroup of 112 ten- to 14-year old children from a population-derived cohort was assessed for other child psychiatric disorders (3 months' prevalence) through parent interview using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. DSM-IV diagnoses for childhood anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, trichotillomania, enuresis, and encopresis were identified.Results Seventy percent of participants had at least one comorbid disorder and 41% had two or more. The most common diagnoses were social anxiety disorder (29.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI)] 13.2-45.1), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (28.2%, 95% CI 13.3-43.0), and oppositional defiant disorder (28.1%, 95% CI 13.9-42.2). Of those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 84% received a second comorbid diagnosis. There were few associations between putative risk factors and psychiatric disorder.Conclusions Psychiatric disorders are common and frequently multiple in children with autism spectrum disorders. They may provide targets for intervention and should be routinely evaluated in the clinical assessment of this group.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most common co-occurring psychiatric conditions are anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depressive disorders, and oppositional defiant and conduct disorders (Simonoff et al. 2008), while the most common co-occurring medical conditions include gastro-intestinal problems, sleep difficulties, and seizures (Muskens et al. 2017).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Co-occurring psychiatric and medical disorders are common among individuals with ASD, with estimates suggesting that 63–78% of individuals with ASD have at least one co-occurring psychiatric condition (Simonoff et al. 2008; Strang et al. 2012), and approximately 10–77% have at least one co-occurring medical condition (Muskens et al. 2017; Betancur 2011).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“En el estudio de Simonoff et al. (2008), se detectó que el 29,2 % de una muestra de niños entre 10 y 14 años presentaban ansiedad y/o depresión de forma concurrente, con tasas mucho más altas que las observadas en población general.”
From Ansiedad y trastornos del espectro del autismo: notas para la intervención psicoeducativa (2022) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. (2008)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most common mental health challenge for autistic individuals is anxiety [14-16]”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is estimated that around 50 % of children with ASD will experience significant anxiety (Simonoff et al. 2008).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Development of the Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) Programme. (2017) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The majority of autistic children, adolescents and adults have one or more associated mental health conditions (Buck et al., 2014; Simonoff et al., 2008), with co-occurring anxiety disorders among the most common concerns.”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Besides the core symptoms, ASD subjects commonly present co-occurring symptoms that include anxiety and intellectual disability 37, 38.”
From Autism-like social deficit generated by Dock4 deficiency is rescued by restoration of Rac1 activity and NMDA receptor function. (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Co-occurring psychiatric and medical disorders are common among individuals with ASD, with estimates suggesting that 63–78% of individuals with ASD have at least one co-occurring psychiatric condition (Simonoff et al. 2008; Strang et al. 2012), and approximately 10–77% have at least one co-occurring medical condition (Muskens et al. 2017; Betancur 2011).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Parents of autistic children can experience chronic stressors, including high levels of mental health problems in their autistic youth (e.g. Simonoff et al., 2008).”
From Parent, child, and family outcomes following Acceptance And Commitment Therapy for parents of autistic children: A randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mental health distress is highly prevalent in autistic adolescents, with up to 70% of autistic adolescents in a community-sourced sample meeting criteria for any DSM-5 disorder (Hollocks et al., 2022) and 41% of youth meeting criteria for more than one psychiatric condition (Simonoff et al., 2008).”
From The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives (2024) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which is a major problem for a lot of autistic people”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with co-occurring anxiety disorders among the most common concerns.”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the balance between avoiding misdiagnoses and recognizing the effect that ADHD symptoms have on a child with ASD has shifted because a high frequency of ADHD in children with autism has been documented (Leitner 2014, Simonoff et al. 2008).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al. 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“other studies have identified different patterns of regression [60-64]”
From DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Despite the widespread opinion amongst clinicians that the co-occurrence profiles differ between sexes/genders80,81 — with males more likely to show externalizing problems such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and females more likely to show internalizing problems such as anxiety and mood disorders — the evidence is inconsistent.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Population-based research, as opposed to clinical studies, has often failed to identify these sex/gender differences in psychiatric illnesses82–84.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Typically, larger sex/gender differences are reported in clinical studies, but infrequently the same patterns emerge in population-based studies78,82–84.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“First, approximately 30% of children and adolescents with ASD receive a co-morbid diagnosis of ADHD (Leyfer et al., 2006; Simonoff et al., 2008)”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In clinical cases, other neurodevelopmental conditions, psychiatric disorders and somatic disorders are often co-occurring complications [13–15].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Rates of comorbid ADHD symptoms in children with ASD range from 37–85%,62 with ADHD the second-most common comorbidity in ASD.63”
From Progress and roadblocks in the search for brain-based biomarkers of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“A shared behavioural/cognitive phenotype is inattention.4, 5”
From Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“About 30% of ASD patients have comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),3, 4”
From Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The high rate of co-occurrence between autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD (Simonoff et al., 2008), suggests that there may be common risk factors.”
From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Simonoff et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Similarly, ASD is frequently accompanied by co-occurring conditions that are targeted for intervention to minimize the impairments that are more generally associated with ASD [70][71][72].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Co-occurring mental health conditions have been reported in approximately 70% of autistic individuals ranging from attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), irritability, aggression, mood, and anxiety issues [8, 25, 26].”
From An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The most common psychiatric disorder associated with ASD is anxiety 31”
From Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Psychiatric disorders occur in up to 70% of patients with ASD.”
From Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Self-citation(1988) · NFER-Nelson eBooks · Cited by 5,560
(1998) · Cited by 4,172
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035
Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69041-7 · Cited by 2,104
Self-citationAbidin, R. R. (1990) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t02445-000 · Cited by 1,654
Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 · Cited by 1,637
The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011 · Cited by 1,227
Comorbidity in Child Psychopathology: Concepts, Issues and Research Strategies
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x · Cited by 1,051
Social Communication Questionnaire
Snow, A. V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1651 · Cited by 888
Ambrosini, P. J. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00016 · Cited by 745
Fombonne, E. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.87 · Cited by 604
Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x · Cited by 588
(2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1266 · Cited by 521
Brereton, A. V., Tonge, B. J., & Einfeld, S. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0125-y · Cited by 507
Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x · Cited by 467
Goldstein, S., & Schwebach, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000029554.46570.68 · Cited by 412
Green, J., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005523232106 · Cited by 389
Comorbid anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Muris, P., Steerneman, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Meesters, C. (1998) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00022-x · Cited by 368
Models of comorbidity for multifactorial disorders.
Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 353
Autistic traits in a population-based ADHD twin sample
Reiersen, A. M., Constantino, J. N., Volk, H. E., & Todd, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01720.x · Cited by 352
Esbensen, A. J., Rojahn, J., Aman, M. G., & Ruedrich, S. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000005999.27178.55 · Cited by 308
Simonoff, E. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210039004 · Cited by 294
Self-citationAngold, A. C., & Costello, E. J. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700034991 · Cited by 271
Fletcher, R. J., Loschen, E. L., & Stavrakaki, C. (2017) · Cited by 253
MacIntyre, S., Ellaway, A., Der, G., Ford, G., & Hunt, K. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.10.657 · Cited by 241
Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons.
Reiss, S., & Szyszko, J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 232
Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Clark, T., Feehan, C., Tinline, C., & Vostanis, P. (1999) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870050083 · Cited by 227
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
(2007) · Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n476 · Cited by 214
Affective disorders in people with autism: A review of published cases
Lainhart, J. E., & Folstein, S. E. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172140 · Cited by 195
Järbrink, K., Fombonne, E. J., & Knapp, M. R. J. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025058711465 · Cited by 192
Adolescents and young adults with 22qll deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group
Baker, K., & Skuse, D. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.2.115 · Cited by 172
Validity of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
Lecavalier, L., Aman, M. G., Scahill, L. D., McDougle, C. J., McCracken, J. T., Vitiello, B., Tierney, E., Arnold, L. E., GHUMAN, J. K., Loftin, R. L., et al. (2006) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2006)111[199:votadi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 156
Mania in Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorder Revisited
Wozniak, J. R., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Frazier, J. A., KIM, J., Millstein, R., Gershon, J., Thornell, A., Cha, K., & Snyder, J. B. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(09)66564-3 · Cited by 137
Child psychiatry : modern approaches
Rutter, M. L., & Hersov, L. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 135
Measuring deprivation in England and Wales using 2001 Carstairs scores.
Morgan, O., & Baker, A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 122
Comorbidity of autistic disorder in children and adolescents
Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1992) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf02094180 · Cited by 121
ADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Wood, N., Gringras, P., & Chadwick, O. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180323330 · Cited by 119
Self-citationAssessment and diagnosis of depression in people with intellectual disability
McBrien, J. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00455.x · Cited by 89
Santosh, P., & Mijovic, A. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0372-4 · Cited by 75
Behavioral characteristics of 187 young adults with autism
KOBAYASHI, R., & Murata, T. (1998) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.00415.x · Cited by 69
Child Psychiatry: Modern Approaches
Philips, I. (1980) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60711-1 · Cited by 67
A follow-up study of infantile autism in Hong Kong
Chung, S. Y., Luk, S. L., & Lee, P. W. H. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02284720 · Cited by 59
Differentiating the behavioural profile in autism and mental retardation and testing of a screener
Steinhausen, H., & Metzke, C. W. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0400-4 · Cited by 55
Prevalence of maladaptive behavior in retarded children as a function of IQ and age
Ando, H., & Yoshimura, I. (1978) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00924737 · Cited by 53
Shahim, S. (1992) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.27 · Cited by 26
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31129-2 · Cited by 2,819
Self-citationLai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61539-1 · Cited by 2,371
Lai, M.-C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 · Cited by 1,892
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859
Self-citationHayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y · Cited by 1,847
Metadata
- Authors
- Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Simonoff, Emily
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 921-929
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158063953
- Semantic Scholar
- 8540dbed80a7b69efa29148b4a342c485751e247
- Cited by
- 3,399
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 213 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 273 · 2021: 279 · 2020: 295 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 232 · 2017: 267 · 2016: 209 · 2015: 216 · 2014: 194 · 2013: 188 · 2012: 124
- FWCI
- 31.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IOE EPrints (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, child psychopathology, social anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, tic disorders, trichotillomania, enuresis, encopresis, depressive disorders, conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, prevalence, risk factors, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
