The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
Researchers commonly report that families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience more parenting stress than families of typically developing (TD) children or those diagnosed with other disabilities [e.g., Down syndrome (DS), cerebral palsy, intellectual disability]. The authors reexamined the research using comparison groups to investigate parenting stress and conducted a meta-analysis to pool results across studies. The experience of stress in families of children with ASD versus families of TD children resulted in a large effect size. Comparisons between families of children of ASD and families with other disabilities also generated a large effect size however, this result should be interpreted with caution as it may be associated with the specific experience of parenting a child with DS.
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Parenting stress is higher among parents of autistic children than among caregivers of children with other neurodevelopmental conditions or non-autistic children.
“Parenting stress is particularly higher among parents of autistic children compared to caregivers of children with other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g.language delay, intellectual disability) or non-autistic children (Craig et al., 2016;S. A. Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
From Mindfulness and parenting stress among parents of autistic children: The mediation of resilience and psychological flexibility (2025) · cites this paper as S. A. Hayes & Watson, 2013
Parents of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) experience more stress than parents of typically developing children.
“Parents of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) experience more stress than parents of typically developing children.”
Reducing parental stress can strengthen a family's functioning and balance, which in turn moderates the effect of challenging behaviour.
“Hence, reducing parental stress can strengthen a family's functioning and balance, which in turn, moderates the effect of CB (40).”
Many previous studies report that caregivers of children with ASD and/or IDD experience more parental stress compared to caregivers of typically developing children.
“which is consistent with many previous studies reporting that caregivers of children with ASD and/or IDD experience more parental stress compared to caregivers of typically developing children (40).”
Raising a child with autism involves chronic challenges consistently associated with high levels of psychological distress.
“It has been widely demonstrated that raising a child with autism involves chronic challenges consistently associated with high levels of psychological distress [3,4,5,6].”
Parenting a child with ASD is associated with increased parental stress.
“Parenting a child with ASD is associated with increased parental stress (Hayes and Watson 2013)”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Development of the Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) Programme. (2017) · cites this paper as Hayes and Watson 2013
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- Authors
- Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Laurentian University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Stephanie A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2012-07-13
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 629-642
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2069698478
- Cited by
- 1,847
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- parental stress, autism spectrum disorder, typically developing children, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, family stress, comparison groups, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Parents, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Parenting
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