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Risk and Resilience: Early Manipulation of Macaque Social Experience and Persistent Behavioral and Neurophysiological Outcomes

Stevens, Hanna E., Leckman, James F., Coplan, Jeremy D., Suomi, Stephen J.·2009·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1097/chi.0b013e318193064c
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Abstract

Objective To review the contributions of research on nonhuman primates, specifically macaque monkeys, to the understanding of early social stress and its effects on behavior and neurophysiology. Method Review and synthesis of two bodies of work on macaque monkeys and early social manipulation: peer rearing and variable foraging demands. The literature was searched with Medline using key terms macaque, variable foraging, and peer rearing. The reference lists of these articles were also used to generate potential studies for review. Results Nonhuman primate macaques show similarities to humans in their social development and functioning. Peer rearing of young macaques and rearing of young macaques with mothers experiencing variable foraging conditions both result in increased anxious, impulsive, and aggressive temperament and behavior; more reactive stress physiology; altered neurotransmitter functioning; and immune and metabolic changes. Functional variants of specific genes that code for neuromodulators are mediators of these effects. Conclusions Disrupted social relations during macaque rearing contribute to the risk for developing emotional and neurophysiological disturbance. In the face of such disruption, certain genotypes contribute to resilience. This can be alternately stated that, for animals of high-risk genotypes, resilience is conferred by quality relationships during rearing. This interaction of genetics with early social environment also applies to child mental h…

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Metadata

Authors
Stevens, H. E., Leckman, J. F., Coplan, J. D., & Suomi, S. J.
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-02
Volume
48
Issue
2
Pages
114-127
ISSN
0890-8567
DOI
10.1097/chi.0b013e318193064c
Cited by
91
References
4
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

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