Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with high intelligence quotient: results from a population-based study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have high intelligence quotient (IQ) versus normal and low IQ through long-term follow-up of children with ADHD from a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: Subjects included children with research-identified ADHD (N = 379) from a birth cohort (N = 5718). Full scale IQ scores obtained between ages 6 and 18 years were used to categorize children into 3 groups: Low (IQ < 80), Normal (80 ≤ IQ < 120), and High IQ (IQ ≥ 120). Subjects were retrospectively followed up from birth until emigration, death, or high school graduation/dropout. The groups were compared on demographic characteristics, age at which ADHD case criteria were met, comorbidities, treatment, and school outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among children with high (N = 34), normal (N = 276), or low IQ (N = 21) and ADHD in numerous characteristics, including median age at which ADHD criteria were fulfilled (9.5, 9.7, and 9.8 years); rates of comorbid learning disorders (85.3%, 78.3%, and 76.2%), psychiatric disorders (47.1%, 50.4%, and 47.6%), and substance abuse (17.6%, 23.6%, and 19.0%); and rates of stimulant treatment (79%, 75%, and 90%). In comparison to children with normal or low IQ, those with high IQ had mothers with higher educational levels (e.g., college graduation rates 44.1%, 11.6%, and 14.3%), and higher reading achievement (median national percentiles on standardized reading tests 77.0, 42.0, and 29.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ADHD is similar among children with high, normal, and low IQ, although high IQ may favorably mediate some outcomes such as reading achievement. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are important for all children, regardless of cognitive ability.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ADHD can impair highly intelligent individuals, and therefore the diagnosis applies to them.
“ADHD impairs the functioning of highly intelligent people, so the disorder can be diagnosed in this group.”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Katusic et al., 2011
The Discussion says ADHD puts children with high IQ at risk for psychosocial outcomes and stresses the importance of diagnosing them. This supports the claim for children, but the study does not establish it for highly intelligent people of all ages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a birth cohort of more than 5,700 children, those with ADHD and high, average, or low IQ did not differ significantly in age when ADHD criteria were met, learning disorder rates, psychiatric disorder rates, substance abuse rates, or stimulant treatment rates.
“A population-based birth cohort study of over 5,700 children found no significant differences among children with high, average, or low IQ and ADHD in median age at which ADHD criteria were met, rates of learning disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse, and rates of stimulant treatment”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Katusic et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
History of the Rochester Epidemiology Project
Melton, L. J. (1996) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/71.3.266 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Leibson, C. L. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.1.60 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Incidence of Reading Disability in a Population-Based Birth Cohort, 1976–1982, Rochester, Minn
Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Barbaresi, W. J., Schaid, D. J., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2001) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/76.11.1081 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31811ff87d · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationMath Learning Disorder: Incidence in a Population-Based Birth Cohort, 1976–82, Rochester, Minn
Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2005) · Ambulatory Pediatrics · doi:10.1367/a04-209r.1 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationKatusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2005) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.764 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3180cabc28 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Stimulant Medication Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2014) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000099 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationGifted or ADHD? The possibilities of misdiagnosis
Hartnett, D. N., Nelson, J. M., & Rinn, A. N. (2004) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783190409554245 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Long-Term Stimulant Medication Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200602000-00001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationAntshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Stallone, K., Nave, A., Kaufmann, F. A., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Seidman, L., & Biederman, J. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01735.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Potential Influence of Migration Bias in Birth Cohort Studies
Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Barbaresi, W. J., Schaid, D. J., & Jacobsen, S. J. (1998) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/73.11.1053 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Pankratz, V. S., Mrazek, D. A., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2004) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb03058.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationThe gifted child with attention deficit disorder:An identification and intervention challenge
Leroux, J. A., & Levitt‐Perlman, M. (2000) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783190009554028 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Emotional and Social Characteristics of Boys with AD/HD and Giftedness: A Comparative Case Study
Moon, S. M., Zentall, S. S., Grskovic, J. A., Hall, A. M., & Stormont, M. A. (2001) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/016235320102400302 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Voigt, R. G., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2006) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162206001782 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAntshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Seidman, L., & Biederman, J. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318172eecf · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Case Definition in Epidemiologic Studies of AD/HD
Katusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [13]Lovecky D Gifted Children with ADHD Program of the 11th Annual CHADD International Conference October 8, 1999 Washington, DC
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
“…children found no significant differences among children with high, average, or low IQ and ADHD in median age at which ADHD criteria were met, rates of learning disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse, and rates of stimulant treatment (Katusic et al., 2011; Rommelse et al., 2017).”
Livingston, L. A., & Happé, F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics of Gifted Children and Their Families
Eren, F., Omerelli Cete, A., Avcil, S., & Baykara, B. (2017) · Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2017.12731 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Milioni, A. L. V., Chaim, T. M., Cavallet, M., de Oliveira, N. M., Annes, M., dos Santos, B., Louzã, M., da Silva, M. A., Miguel, C. S., Serpa, M. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714554933 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
ADHD and Giftedness: A Neurocognitive Consideration of Twice Exceptionality
Budding, D., & Chidekel, D. (2012) · Applied Neuropsychology: Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2012.699423 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Katusic, M. Z., Voigt, R. G., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Homan, K. J., & Barbaresi, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Texas Children's Hospital (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Utah State University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Katusic, Maja Z.
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-109
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3095845
- OpenAlex
- W2332722425
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034676)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR030582, AR30582)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD029745)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, IQ, children, psychiatric comorbidity, substance abuse, stimulant medication, reading achievement, maternal education, birth cohort, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Minnesota, Retrospective Studies, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
