Combined Oral Contraceptives: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Millions of women use birth control pills for contraceptive and noncontraceptive reasons. Although there have been reports of rare adverse events, birth control pills do offer well-documented health benefits, including a decrease in the risk of ovarian and endometrial carcinoma. In addition, manufacturers continue to modify birth control pills to reduce side effects and medical risks.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Relative and Absolute Excess Risks of Coronary Heart Disease among Women Who Smoke Cigarettes
Willett, W. C., Green, A. C., Stampfer, M. J., Speizer, F. E., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Monson, R. R., Stason, W. B., & Hennekens, C. H. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711193172102 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception
Edelman, A. B., Micks, E., Motu’apuaka, M. L., Benson, L. S., & Stewart, F. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004695.pub3 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception
Burkman, R. T., Schlesselman, J. J., & Zieman, M. (2004) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.061 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Impact of Progestin and Estrogen Potency in Oral Contraceptives on Ovarian Cancer Risk
Schildkraut, J. M. (2002) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/94.1.32 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A Clinical Guide for Contraception
Speroff, L., & Darney, P. D. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Fraser, I. S., & McCarron, G. (1991) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.1991.tb02769.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968–2004
Vessey, M. P., & Painter, R. (2006) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603260 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive on menstrual blood loss and iron status
Larsson, G., Milsom, L., Lindstedt, G., & Rybo, G. (1992) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90095-b · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Schlesselman, J. J. (1997) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/12.9.1851 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis
Khader, Y. S., Rice, J. C., Lefante, J., & Abueita, O. (2003) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00073-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Benign Breast Disease, with Special Attention to Histologic Types
Goehring, C., & Morabia, A. (1997) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017960 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Endometrial and ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives - findings in a large cohort study
Vessey, M. P., & Painter, R. (1995) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1995.260 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Low-dose oral contraceptives and bone mineral density: an evidence-based analysis
Kuohung, W., Borgatta, L., & Stubblefield, P. G. (2000) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00086-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Westhoff, C. L., Kerns, J., Morroni, C., et al. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00351-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis
Mol, B. W., Ankum, W. M., Bossuyt, P. M., et al. (1995) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(95)00221-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease
RUBIN, G. L., Ory, H. W., & Layde, P. M. (1982) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90430-6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2004) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh025 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Thiboutot, D., Archer, D. F., Lemay, A., Washenik, K., Roberts, J., & Harrison, D. D. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01938-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Huber, L. R. B., HOGUE, C. J. R., Stein, A. D., Drews‐Botsch, C., Zieman, M., King, J., & Schayes, S. (2006) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.039 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Leyden, J., Shalita, A., Hordinsky, M., Swinyer, L., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Weber, M. E. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.122192 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Uterine Fibroids
Parazzini, F., Negri, E., Vecchia, C. L., et al. (1992) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-199203000-00021 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Oral contraception and other factors in relation to hospital referral for fracture
Vessey, M., Mant, J., & Painter, R. (1998) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00026-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Triphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception
Vliet, H. A. V., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., Schulz, K. F., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003553.pub2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wölner‐Hanssen, P., Svensson, L., Pa, M., et al. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Family history of cancer, oral contraceptive use, and ovarian cancer risk
Walker, G. R., Schlesselman, J. J., & Ness, R. B. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.118657 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Oral contraception and the recognition of endometritis
Ness, R. B., Keder, L. M., Soper, D. E., Amortegui, A. J., Gluck, J., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Sweet, R. L., Rice, P. A., Peipert, J. F., Donegan, S. P., et al. (1997) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70551-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of benign breast disease
Rohan, T. E., & Miller, A. B. (1999) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990719)82:2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mohllajee, A. P., Curtis, K. M., Martins, S. L., & Peterson, H. B. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Oestrogen and stroke in women: assessment of risk
Bushnell, C. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70220-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Treating acne with oral contraceptives: use of lower doses
Huber, J. C., & Walch, K. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.07.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gallo, M. F., Nanda, K., Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Downey, P. (1986) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/0736-4679(86)90124-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Charreau, I., Plu‐Bureau, G., Bachelot, A., et al. (1993) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/00008469-199303000-00007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Initiating Hormonal Contraception.
Lesnewski, R., & Prine, L. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Boyd, R. A., Zegarac, E. A., Posvar, E. L., et al. (2001) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00179-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effective use of hormonal contraceptives
Curtis, K. M., Chrisman, C. E., Mohllajee, A. P., & Peterson, H. B. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Venous Thromboembolism and Oral Contraceptives
Burkman, R. T. (2002) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200201030-00001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The truth about oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism.
SHULMAN, L. P., & Goldzieher, J. W. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Apter, D., Zimmerman, Y., Beekman, L., Mawet, M., Maillard, C., Foidart, J.-M., & Coelingh Bennink, H. J. T. (2016) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.015 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Apter, D., Zimmerman, Y., Beekman, L., Mawet, M., Maillard, C., Foidart, J.-M., & Coelingh Bennink, H. J. T. (2017) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2017.1336532 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hormonal contraceptive use lowers female intrasexual competition in pair-bonded women
Cobey, K. D., Klipping, C., & Buunk, A. P. (2013) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.04.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle
Zhao, L., Kim, R., Oremland, L. S., Chowkwale, M., Pillis, L. G. D., & Brooks, H. Z. (2024) · The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58516-6_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- KILEY, J., & HAMMOND, C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 868-877
- ISSN
- 0009-9201 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005312816
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Human Rights and Reproductive Law
- Keywords
- combined oral contraceptives, oral contraceptives, contraceptive side effects, ovarian cancer risk, endometrial cancer risk, non-contraceptive benefits, adverse events
- MeSH terms
- Breast Neoplasms, Cardiovascular System, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Contraceptives, Oral, Combined, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Patient Compliance, Progestins, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review