Cited by 92Pediatric Pain Management TechniquesMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationChildhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life

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Living in fear of your child's pain: the parent fear of pain questionnaire

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Simons, Laura E., Smith, Allison, Kaczynski, Karen, Basch, Molly·2015·Pain

DOI 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000100PMC PMC4366345

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Abstract

Fear and avoidance have been consistently associated with poor pain-related outcomes in children. In the context of the pediatric pain experience, parent distress and behaviors can be highly influential. This study validated the Parent Fear of Pain Questionnaire (PFOPQ) to assess a parent's fears and avoidance behaviors associated with their child's pain. Using the PFOPQ in conjunction with measures of parent and child pain-related variables, we tested the interpersonal fear-avoidance model (IFAM). The sample comprised 321 parents and their child with chronic or new-onset pain who presented to a multidisciplinary outpatient pain clinic. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor structure for the PFOPQ consisting of Fear of Pain, Fear of Movement, Fear of School, and Avoidance. As hypothesized, Fear of Pain was most closely related to parent pain catastrophizing and child fear of pain, whereas Avoidance was most closely related to parent protective behaviors and child avoidance of activities. In testing the IFAM, parent behavior contributed directly and indirectly to child avoidance, whereas parent fear and catastrophizing contributed indirectly to child avoidance through parent behavior and child fear and catastrophizing, in turn, influencing child functional disability levels. This study provides the first measure of parent pain-related fears and avoidance behaviors and evaluates the theorized IFAM. These results underscore the important influence of parents on child pain-related outcomes and put forth a psychometrically sound measure to assess parent fear and avoidance in the context of their child's pain.

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Authors: Simons, L. E., Smith, A., Kaczynski, K., & Basch, M.
Affiliations: Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Simons, Laura E.
ORCID: Simons, Laura E.
Smith, Allison
Basch, Molly
Venue: Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2015-04
Volume: 156
Issue: 4
Pages: 694-702
ISSN: 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000100
PMC: PMC4366345
OpenAlex: W2323831969
Cited by: 92
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 6.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD067202)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
Keywords: fear-avoidance beliefs, fear-avoidance model, pediatric chronic pain, pain catastrophizing, functional disability, parental distress, psychometric validation, factor structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Fear, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Models, Psychological, Pain, Pain Measurement, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Disabled Children, Children with Disabilities, Catastrophization

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Living in fear of your child's pain: the parent fear of pain questionnaire

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