Cited by 159Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsMemory and Neural MechanismsMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

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Learning to predict and control harmful events: chronic pain and conditioning

Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.·2015·Pain

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Abstract

Pain is a biologically relevant signal and response to bodily threat, associated with the urge to restore the integrity of the body. Immediate protective responses include increased arousal, selective attention, escape, and facial expressions, followed by recuperative avoidance and safety-seeking behaviors. To facilitate early and effective protection against future bodily threat or injury, learning takes place rapidly. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environmental and includes nonassociative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, these knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may directly influence pain perception. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, context dependent and only occurs through inhibitory processes. Here, we review features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability and discuss promising future directions. Although conditioning has a long and honorable history, a conditioning perspective still might open new windows on novel treatment modalities that facilitate the well-being of individuals with chronic pain.

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Self-citation
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Authors: Vlaeyen, J. W. S.
Affiliations: Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.
ORCID: Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.
Venue: Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2015-04
Volume: 156
Issue: Supplement 1
Pages: S86-S93
ISSN: 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000107
OpenAlex: W2152447594
Cited by: 159
References: 119
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 2.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: associative learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation, sensitization, extinction, pain perception, chronic pain, pain-related distress, pain-related disability, protective behavior
MeSH terms: Animals, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Psychological, Discrimination, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Chronic Pain

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Learning to predict and control harmful events: chronic pain and conditioning

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