Bayesian Learning Models of Pain: A Call to Action
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Current perspectives on the perceptual mechanism behind expectation effects suggest that an agent maintains multiple potential hypotheses about the cause of a sensory input, and selects the one which best represents the incoming sensory information at any given time.
“Current perspectives on the perceptual mechanism behind expectation effects10,35–38 suggest that an agent maintains multiple potential hypotheses about the cause of a sensory input, and selects the one which best represents the incoming sensory information at any given time.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In contemporary theories of perception, the influence of expectation on perceived pain is also modulated by the certainty (the inverse variability) of the pain stimulus intensity.
“Finally, in contemporary theories of perception, the influence of expectation on perceived pain is also modulated by the certainty (the inverse variability) of the pain stimulus intensity10,35,37,55,56.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
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“…area while poked in a less sensitised area, PEs diminished across trials, reflecting normal adaptive learning to maximise precision, according to the principles of predictive processing (Geuter et al. 2017; Hoskin et al. 2019; Tabor and Burr 2019) and reinforcement learning (Seymour 2019).”
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“For example, as safety vs threat (Tabor & Burr, 2019) or perception or pain vs analgesia (Lersch et al., 2023).”
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“32 This implies that adding physical activity or exercise to a rehabilitation programme may simply be reintroducing something essential that was engineered away generations ago.”
Cognitive exertion affects the appraisal of one’s own and other people’s pain
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“…context, and in keeping with recent embodied (Tabor et al. 2017; Stilwell and Harman 2019) and predictive accounts of pain (Büchel et al. 2014; Tabor and Burr 2019; Kiverstein et al. 2022), this apparent ‘stick-iness’ of aversive experience (Borsook et al. 2018) is related to a continued…”
Self-citationKent, M., Mardian, A. S., Hustead, M. L.-R., Gress‐Smith, J. L., Ciciolla, L. M., Kim, J. L., & Scott, B. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613341 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Minelli, A. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2026.100158 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pain as Lived Experience: Philosophical Perspectives in Pain Medicine – A Narrative Review
Shin, D. A., & Chang, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s577740 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“27,44 This paradigm aligns with and deepens phenomenological accounts of embodiment.”
Lack of evidence for stating ‘spinal source’ of pain in EXPOSS study
Halimi, A., & Poulter, D. (2019) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2019.1676969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Conditioning may be involved as well, the MDT process being highly at odds to induce operant conditioning [5, 6] by ‘punishing’ the patient with another set of movements or different directions of movement, if the initial movement does not induce a change in the pain location or intensity.”
BackgroundLyndon, S., & Nedeljković, S. S. (2026) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004123
Newell, D., Segal, S., Rossettini, G., O’Neill, S. F. D., Lothe-Raven, T., Lothe, L. R., Weiniger, S., du Rose, A., Beira, B., Walker, K., et al. (2026) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-026-00669-5
“In such cases, the system can become biased toward pain even when incoming signals from tissues are relatively benign [19, 81–82].”
Szeremeta, Y. C., & Brandemarte, A. (2026) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2026.104113
Gregorio, F. D., Betti, S., Dalbagno, D., Mannari, V., di Pellegrino, G., & Starita, F. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121909 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modeling the Action–Perception Loop and its role in Phantom Limb Pain using Active InferencePreprint
Ramne, M., Lundh, T., & Sensinger, J. W. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692511
“…been applied to describe a range of pain phenomena such as placebo hypoalgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia, statistical pain learning under experimental pain paradigms, and how overly precise priors and ambiguous observation likelihoods may contribute to chronic and neuropathic pain conditions [3–11].”
King, S. R., & Williams, J. (2025) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2025.11.021
Statistical learning shapes pain perception and prediction independently of external cuesPreprint
Onysk, J., Gregory, N., Whitefield, M., Jain, M., Turner, G., Seymour, B., & Mancini, F. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.23287656
“…the inferential nature of the nociceptive system [26, 39–42], where in addition to the sheer input received by the nociceptors, there is a wealth of a priori knowledge and beliefs the agent holds about themselves and the environment that need to be integrated to form a judgement about pain [43–46].”
- Authors
- Tabor, A., & Burr, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tabor, Abby
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 26
- Pages
- 54-61
- ISSN
- 2352-1546 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2898243936
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 0.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M023281/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- pain, uncertainty, action, chronic pain, acute pain, bodily integrity
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