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Cited by 54Muscle metabolism and nutritionNutrition and Health in AgingBody Composition Measurement Techniques

Protein metabolism in women and men: Similarities and disparities

Open access
Markofski, Melissa M, Volpi, Elena·2011·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
DOI 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283412343PMC PMC3176666
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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an objective and comprehensive review of the recent literature addressing the effects of sex on protein metabolism. We also evaluate whether these differences can be attributed to physiology or methodology. Because of the developmental changes in hormonal milieu and body composition that occur across life, the literature has been examined in a longitudinal manner across the lifespan. RECENT FINDINGS: Throughout most points of life, men and women of similar health status and BMI display fairly similar protein turnover rates. However, some investigators have reported sexual dimorphism in protein metabolism, which may be partly attributable to differences in fat-free mass and/or methodology. In periods of significant changes in the hormonal milieu (puberty and menopause), sex differences may become more evident. Finally, anabolic stimuli such as feeding and exercise may help highlight any discrepancies in protein turnover between men and women. SUMMARY: Sex differences in protein metabolism, if any, are most evident during the main phases of hormonal changes, and may be also due to differences in body composition. However, methodological issues and sample size must be considered when designing and evaluating these studies.

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Crossref · 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283412343

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6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Because the aged nucleolus is highly resistant to standard loading, older adults require a significantly higher relative mechanical threshold to elicit the same molecular spark observed in the young.

    “Because the aged nucleolus is highly resistant to standard loading, Breen and Phillips have hypothesized that older adults require a significantly higher relative mechanical threshold to elicit the same molecular spark observed in the young [46,110].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [110]

    The Older adults section discusses age-related muscle loss and comparisons of protein turnover, while Response to anabolic stimuli discusses exercise responses in young men and women. A dose–response study of resistance exercise in young and old men appears in the References, but our copy does not report its findings or address nucleolar resistance, a higher mechanical threshold in older adults, or the attributed hypothesis. Searched for those terms and their exercise-response paraphrases. (LLM, conf=0.77)

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  • The myonucleus is mechanically connected to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix through the LINC complex.

    “The myonucleus is mechanically connected to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix through the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex [41,110].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [110]

    The Introduction and Response to anabolic stimuli sections discuss sex differences in muscle protein metabolism, not myonuclear connections. Searches for the LINC complex and for mechanical connections to the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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  • Increased intracellular stiffness could reduce nuclear deformation under a given external load, attenuating mechanosensitive transcriptional signaling even if training volume remains substantial.

    “Increased intracellular stiffness could reduce nuclear deformation under a given external load, thereby attenuating mechanosensitive transcriptional signaling even if training volume remains substantial [110,206].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [110]

    The “Response to anabolic stimuli” section discusses exercise-related muscle protein synthesis and signaling pathways, but does not address intracellular stiffness, nuclear deformation, or mechanosensitive transcription. Searches for those terms and for external load and training volume found no passage in our copy supporting the proposed mechanism; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.73)

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Cites

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Cited by

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Authors
Markofski, M. M., & Volpi, E.
Affiliations
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author
Volpi, Elena
ORCID
Venue
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2011-01
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
93-97
ISSN
1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/mco.0b013e3283412343
PMC
PMC3176666
OpenAlex
W1987011985
Cited by
54
References
6
Citations by year
2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
0.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (R01AG030070, P30AG024832)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Keywords
protein metabolism, sex differences, protein turnover, sexual dimorphism, hormonal changes, puberty, menopause, body composition, fat-free mass, lifespan, physical activity, feeding
MeSH terms
Body Composition, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Menopause, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Puberty, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Exercise

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