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The interaction between thyroid and kidney disease: an overview of the evidence.
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those receiving dialysis. This review examines potential mechanistic links between thyroid and kidney disease; current evidence for hypothyroidism as a risk factor for de novo CKD and CKD progression; and studies of thyroid functional disorders, cardiovascular disease, and death in the CKD population. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiologic data have demonstrated an incrementally higher prevalence of hypothyroidism with increasing severity of kidney dysfunction. Various thyroid functional test abnormalities are also commonly observed in CKD due to alterations in thyroid hormone synthesis, metabolism, and regulation. Although the mechanistic link between thyroid and kidney disease remains unclear, observational studies suggest that hypothyroidism is associated with abnormal kidney structure and function. Previously thought to be a physiologic adaptation, recent studies show that hypothyroidism is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death in CKD. SUMMARY: A growing body of evidence suggests that hypothyroidism is a risk factor for incident CKD, CKD progression, and higher death risk in kidney disease patients. Rigorous studies are needed to determine the impact of thyroid hormone replacement upon kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, which may shed light onto the causal implications of hypothyroidism in CKD.
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Bari, R., Paul, S., Mani, K., & Karmakar, P. S. (2023) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v14i7.51946 · Cited by 1
Cross-section of thyroidology and nephrology: Literature review and key points for clinicians
Chehade, J. M., & Belal, H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100359 · Cited by 1
Meydan, Y., Ling, K., Lawrence, P., & Wang, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jorep.2025.100724 · Cited by 1
Zhuang, W.-K., Hu, X., An, Y.-J., Liu, D.-L., & Li, H.-L. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1704228 · Cited by 1
Vizzuso-Oliveira, A., Rocha, J. F., Sato, B. B., Barnes, R. F., Bastos, C. O., Cunha, J. L. Z., Almeida, V. C. L. D., Gomes, G. M., Sales, G. T. M., & Rangel², É. B. (2026) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20250982 · Cited by 1
Study of Serum Creatine Kinase Level, Cystatin C and Creatinine Level in Hypothyroidism
Tejomani, M., Meera, K. S., & Krishnamurthy, U. (2019) · Scholars International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.36348/sijb.2019.v02i12.004 · Cited by 1
Hassan, S., Shahawy, E. M. L. E., Mahmoud, A. T., Ali, E. M. M., & Ibrahim, M. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2021.170514 · Cited by 1
Energy metabolism and requirements in chronic kidney disease
Cervantes, M. K., & Bross, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818540-7.00050-1 · Cited by 1
Jayashankar, C. A., Pavan, L. R., Ishaq, M., Pruthvi, R. S., & Joshi, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30020 · Cited by 1
Mukherjee, N., Borphukan, S., & Gogoi, G. N. (2023) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_19_23 · Cited by 1
Correlation Between Albuminuria and Thyroid Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Demir, Ö., Gülçiçek, S., Hacıoğlu, B., & Sağlam, Z. A. (2024) · Istanbul Medical Journal · doi:10.4274/imj.galenos.2024.85125 · Cited by 1
Hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease: An undervalued two-way relationship
Coutinho, J. O., Santos, C., & Rocha, E. F. (2020) · Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.32932/pjnh.2020.01.046 · Cited by 1
Guan, H., & Rhee, C. M. (2020) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2020;32.106-109 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVitamin D deficiency is associated with thyroid diseases
Jubair, S., Nsaif, A., Abdullah, A. H., & Dhefer, I. H. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1853/1/012036 · Cited by 1
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Franco, M., Colangelo, S., Feccia, M. A., Baldelli, R., & Zuppi, P. (2022) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-022-01044-1 · Cited by 1
Hypothyroidism-associated rhabdomyolysis
Khan, F. Y., Sulaiman, T. O., & Akbar, R. A. (2021) · Imam Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4103/ijas.ijas_14_21 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Rhee, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rhee, Connie M.
- ORCID
- Rhee, Connie M.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 407-415
- ISSN
- 1752-296X (ISSN-L)
- 1752-2978
- PMC
- PMC5094898
- OpenAlex
- W2473748378
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK102903)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, dialysis, chronic kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, mortality, thyroid hormone metabolism, thyroid hormone replacement, thyroid dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypothyroidism, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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