Vasoactive-Inotropic Score Is Associated With Outcome After Infant Cardiac Surgery: An Analysis From the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium and Virtual PICU System Registries*

Gaies, Michael G.; Jeffries, Howard E.; Niebler, Robert A.; Pasquali, Sara K.; Donohue, Janet E.; Yu, Sunkyung; Gall, Christine; Rice, Tom B.; Thiagarajan, Ravi R.

doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000000153

Cited by 429Congenital Heart Disease StudiesHemodynamic Monitoring and TherapyCardiac and Coronary Surgery Techniques

Vasoactive-Inotropic Score Is Associated With Outcome After Infant Cardiac Surgery: An Analysis From the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium and Virtual PICU System Registries*

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Gaies, Michael G., Jeffries, Howard E., Niebler, Robert A., Pasquali, Sara K., Donohue, Janet E., Yu, Sunkyung, Gall, Christine, Rice, Tom B. +1 more·2014·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

DOI 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000153PMC PMC4159673

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To empirically derive the optimal measure of pharmacologic cardiovascular support in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with bypass and to assess the association between this score and clinical outcomes in a multi-institutional cohort. DESIGN: Prospective, multi-institutional cohort study. SETTING: Cardiac ICUs at four academic children's hospitals participating in the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium during the study period. PATIENTS: Children younger than 1 year at the time of surgery treated postoperatively in the cardiac ICU. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-one infants undergoing surgery with bypass were enrolled consecutively from November 2011 to April 2012. Hourly doses of all vasoactive agents were recorded for the first 48 hours after cardiac ICU admission. Multiple derivations of an inotropic score were tested, and maximum vasoactive-inotropic score in the first 24 hours was further analyzed for association with clinical outcomes. The primary composite "poor outcome" variable included at least one of mortality, mechanical circulatory support, cardiac arrest, renal replacement therapy, or neurologic injury. High vasoactive-inotropic score was empirically defined as more than or equal to 20. Multivariable logistic regression was performed controlling for center and patient characteristics. Patients with high vasoactive-inotropic score had significantly greater odds of a poor outcome (odds ratio, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.9-14.6), mortality (odds ratio, 13.2; 95% CI, 3.7-47.6), and prolonged time to first extubation and cardiac ICU length of stay compared with patients with low vasoactive-inotropic score. Stratified analyses by age (neonate vs infant) and surgical complexity (low vs high) showed similar associations with increased morbidity and mortality for patients with high vasoactive-inotropic score. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum vasoactive-inotropic score calculated in the first 24 hours after cardiac ICU admission was strongly and significantly associated with morbidity and mortality in this multi-institutional cohort of infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Maximum vasoactive-inotropic score more than or equal to 20 predicts an increased likelihood of a poor composite clinical outcome. The findings were consistent in stratified analyses by age and surgical complexity.

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There were four different ways in which inotropes were used in definitions: duration of inotrope administration; specific inotropic drug used; Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS); and number of used inotropes.
“There were four different ways in which inotropes were used in definitions, namely: (1) the duration of inotrope administration; (2) the specific inotropic drug used (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine and milrinone); (3) the Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS), a formula that quantifies the amount of cardiovascular support (25, 26); and (4) the number of used inotropes (Table 1).”
From Definitions of low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery and their effect on the incidence of intraoperative LCOS: A literature review and cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [25]

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Vasoactive-inotropic score as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass
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Vasoactive-inotropic score as a measure of pediatric cardiac surgical outcomes*
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Self-citation

Authors: Gaies, M. G., Jeffries, H. E., Niebler, R. A., Pasquali, S. K., Donohue, J. E., Yu, S., Gall, C., Rice, T. B., & Thiagarajan, R. R.
Affiliations: Children's Hospital of Wisconsin (US)
Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Boston Children's Hospital (US)
ORCID: Gaies, Michael G.
Jeffries, Howard E.
Niebler, Robert A.
Pasquali, Sara K.
Yu, Sunkyung
Gall, Christine
Rice, Tom B.
Thiagarajan, Ravi R.
Venue: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2014-07
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Pages: 529-537
ISSN: 1529-7535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000153
PMC: PMC4159673
OpenAlex: W2330031690
Cited by: 427
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 14.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL116639)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024986)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiac and Coronary Surgery Techniques
Keywords: vasoactive-inotropic score, pediatric cardiac surgery, infants, inotropic support, vasoactive drugs, postoperative outcomes, mortality, mechanical circulatory support, cardiac arrest, renal replacement therapy, neurologic injury, extubation, cardiac intensive care, surgical complexity, neonates
MeSH terms: Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Cardiotonic Agents, Critical Care, Female, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Length of Stay, Male, Postoperative Care, Prospective Studies, Registries, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Vasoconstrictor Agents, Treatment Outcome, Airway Extubation

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Vasoactive-Inotropic Score Is Associated With Outcome After Infant Cardiac Surgery: An Analysis From the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium and Virtual PICU System Registries*

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