An Intensive Virtual Reality Program Improves Functional Balance and Mobility of Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
In Brief Purpose: To examine functional balance and mobility in adolescents with cerebral palsy classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I following an intensive short-duration virtual reality (VR) intervention. Methods: Single-subject, multiple-baseline design with 4 adolescents. Outcomes included the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Timed Up and Down Stairs, and the Gross Motor Function Measure Dimension E. Assessments were recorded 3 to 6 times at baseline, 5 times during intervention, and 4 times at follow-up. Daily 90-minute VR intervention was completed for 5 consecutive days. Visual, statistical, and clinical significance analyses were used. Results: Statistically significant improvements were shown in all adolescents on CB&M and 6MWT. True change was recorded in all for the CB&M and in 3 for the 6MWT. Conclusions: Functional balance and mobility in adolescents with cerebral palsy classified at GMFCS level I improve with intense, short duration VR intervention, and changes are maintained at 1-month posttraining. These investigators report that functional balance and mobility in adolescents with cerebral palsy classified at GMFCS level I improved with intense, short duration VR intervention, and the improvements continued to be present at 1-month post training.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intensive training for 7.5 hours (ten 45min sessions over 1wk) with a 2D virtual world game improved functional balance ('activity') for adolescents with CP GMFCS I.
“Intensive training for 7.5 hours (ten 45min sessions over 1wk) improved functional balance ('activity') for adolescents with CP GMFCS I (level III, conduct strong; see Table SIIIb). 60”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [60]
Cites
ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test
(2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102 · Cited by 11,195 · see citing works
A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006
Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., BAX, M. C. O., Damiano, D. L., Dan, B., & Jacobsson, B. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x · Cited by 4,903 · see citing works
Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System
Palisano, R. J., Rosenbaum, P., Bartlett, D. J., & Livingston, M. H. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x · Cited by 1,922 · see citing works
Prognosis for Gross Motor Function in Cerebral Palsy
Rosenbaum, P., Walter, S. D., Hanna, S., Palisano, R. J., Russell, D. J., Raina, P. S., Wood, E. P., Bartlett, D. J., & Galuppi, B. E. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.11.1357 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Hanna, S., Rosenbaum, P., Bartlett, D. J., Palisano, R. J., Walter, S. D., Avery, L. M., & Russell, D. J. (2009) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03196.x · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Activity, Activity, Activity: Rethinking Our Physical Therapy Approach to Cerebral Palsy
Damiano, D. L. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20050397 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Bryanton, C., Bosse, J. P., Brien, M., Mclean, J., McCormick, A., & Sveistrup, H. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.123 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationBjornson, K. F., Belza, B. L., Kartin, D., Logsdon, R. G., & McLaughlin, J. F. (2007) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20060157 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Thompson, P., Beath, T., Bell, J., Jacobson, G., Phair, T., Salbach, N. M., & Wright, F. V. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02048.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
You, S., Jang, S.-H., Kim, Y., et al. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01216.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
You, S. H., Jang, S. H., Kim, Y., Kwon, Y.-H., Barrow, I. M., & Hallett, M. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205001234 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The six-minute walk test for children with cerebral palsy
Maher, C. A., Williams, M., & Olds, T. (2008) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0b013e32830150f9 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Zaino, C. A., Marchese, V. G., & Westcott, S. L. (2004) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/01.pep.0000127564.08922.6a · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Single‐subject research design: recommendations for levels of evidence and quality rating
Logan, L. R., Hickman, R. A., Harris, S. R., & Heriza, C. B. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.02005.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Chen, Y.-P., Kang, L.-J., Chuang, T.-Y., Doong, J.-L., Lee, S.-J., Tsai, M.-W., Jeng, S.-F., & Sung, W.-H. (2007) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20060062 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Thornton, M., Marshall, S., McComas, J., Finestone, H. M., McCormick, A., & Sveistrup, H. (2005) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050500109944 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationHowe, J., Inness, E., Venturini, A., Williams, J., & Verrier, M. (2006) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215506072183 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Rehabilitative Therapies in Cerebral Palsy: The Good, the Not As Good, and the Possible
Damiano, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073809337919 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Provost, B., Dieruf, K., Burtner, P. A., Phillips, J., Bernitsky-Beddingfield, A., Sullivan, K. J., Bowen, C. A., & Toser, L. (2007) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/01.pep.0000249418.25913.a3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Sandstrom, K. M., Alinder, J., & Öberg, B. E. (2004) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280410001703503 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Woollacott, M. H., Shumway‐Cook, A., Hutchinson, S., Ciol, M. A., Price, R., & Kartin, D. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205000885 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Oeffinger, D., Gorton, G. E., Bagley, A. M., Nicholson, D. E., Barnes, D., Calmes, J., Abel, M. F., Damiano, D. L., Kryscio, R. J., Rogers, S. P., et al. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00172.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Reid, D. (2002) · Technology and Disability · doi:10.3233/tad-2002-14202 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Burtner, P. A., Woollacott, M. H., Craft, G. L., & Roncesvalles, M. N. C. (2007) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518420701303066 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wilson, A., Kavanaugh, A., Moher, R., McInroy, M., Gupta, N., Salbach, N. M., & Wright, F. V. (2010) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942638.2010.489543 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wright, F. V., Ryan, J. L., & Brewer, K. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.523045 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Penn, P., Rose, F. D., & Johnson, D. A. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518420902739365 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ravi, D. K., Kumar, N., & Singhi, P. (2017) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2016.08.004 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Dewar, R., Love, S., & Johnston, L. M. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12660 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Jelsma, J., Pronk, M., Ferguson, G., & Jelsma-Smit, D. (2013) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2012.711781 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Atasavun Uysal, S., & Baltaci, G. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0102 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brien, M., & Sveistrup, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Brien, Marie
- Venue
- Pediatric Physical Therapy
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 258-266
- ISSN
- 0898-5669 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064228716
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pediatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, virtual reality intervention, functional balance, mobility (physical function), adolescents, Community Balance and Mobility Scale, 6-minute walk test, Timed Up and Go test, Gross Motor Function Measure, intensive rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Cerebral Palsy, Disability Evaluation, Postural Balance, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Health Status, Humans, Male, Task Performance and Analysis, User-Computer Interface, Walking, Treatment Outcome, Mobility Limitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
