Increased cardiometabolic risk in healthy young adults with early life stress
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between early life stress (ELS) and metabolic risk in healthy young adults and assess the role of health behaviors. Methods: Young adults aged 18 to 40 years (N = 190) with no medical conditions or medication usage were recruited from the community. Participants with ELS (N = 113) had a history of childhood maltreatment, and most also experienced parental loss (n = 88). Controls (N = 77) had no history of maltreatment or parental loss. Standardized interviews and self-reports assessed demographics, adversity, medical/psychiatric history, and health behaviors. Blood pressure and anthropometrics were measured, and fasting plasma assayed for lipid profiles, glucose, insulin level, and hemoglobin A 1c. We calculated both a clinical cut-point and continuous composite metabolic risk score based on clinical risk factors and the mean of z scores of each measure, respectively. Results: ELS was significantly associated with increased clinical cut-point (β = 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20–1.17, p = .006) and continuous (β = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.08–0.038, p = .003) composite metabolic risk scores. On sensitivity analysis, the association of ELS with the continuous composite metabolic risk score was reduced to a trend after adjusting for a range of psychosocial and health predictors (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.00–0.36, p = .053), with both diet and college graduate status significant in the model. Conclusions: Healthy young adults with a history of ELS have increased metabolic risk scores as compared with controls. This relationship may be partially due to health behaviors and socioeconomic factors. These findings underline that ELS is an early contributor to metabolic risk.
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Early adulthood is a critical window when long-term cardiometabolic dysfunctions may start to emerge, particularly among those with a history of childhood adversity.
“Early adulthood is a critical window when long-term cardiometabolic dysfunctions may start to emerge, particularly among those with a history of childhood adversity (Bister et al., 2022; Danese et al., 2009; Kulak et al., 2024; Ruiz et al., 2018).”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kulak et al., 2024
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“Early adulthood is a critical window when long-term cardiometabolic dysfunctions may start to emerge, particularly among those with a history of childhood adversity (Bister et al., 2022; Danese et al., 2009; Kulak et al., 2024; Ruiz et al., 2018).”
- Authors
- Kulak, M. J., los Angeles, W. L.-D., Daniels, T. E., Mathis, K. J., Gobin, A. P., Laumann, L. E., Beck, Q., & Tyrka, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kulak, Meghan J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2023-12-29
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 72-82
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- PMC
- PMC10922275
- OpenAlex
- W4390346361
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG077332)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH101076, R01MH101107)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM139767)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD086487, T32HD101392)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- early life stress, child abuse, parental loss, cardiometabolic risk, young adults, metabolic risk score, health behavior, diet, socioeconomic status, childhood adversity
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult, Parental Death
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