Methylation at 5htt mediates the impact of child sex abuse on women’s antisocial behavior: an examination of the iowa adoptee sample
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OBJECTIVE: To examine epigenetic processes linking childhood sex abuse to symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in adulthood and to investigate the possibility that the link between childhood sex abuse and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation at the 5HTT promoter might represent a pathway of long-term impact on symptoms of ASPD. METHOD: Deoxyribonucleic acid was prepared from lymphoblast cell lines derived from 155 female participants in the latest wave of the Iowa Adoptee Study. Methylation at 71 CpG residues was determined by quantitative mass spectroscopy, and the resulting values were averaged to produce an average CpG ratio for each participant. Simple associations and path analyses within an Mplus framework were examined to characterize the relationships among childhood sex abuse, overall level of methylation among women, and subsequent antisocial behavior in adulthood. Direct effects of biological parent psychopathology and 5HTT genotype were controlled. RESULTS: Replicating prior work, we found that a significant effect of childhood sex abuse on methylation of the 5HTT promoter region emerged for women. In addition, a significant effect of methylation at 5HTT on symptoms of ASPD emerged. CONCLUSIONS: Child sex abuse may create long-lasting changes in methylation of the promoter region of 5HTT in women. Furthermore, hypermethylation may be one mechanism linking childhood sex abuse to changes in risk for adult antisocial behavior in women. Better understanding of the methylome may prove critical in understanding the role of childhood environments on long-term psychiatric sequelae.
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In an all-female study (n=155), greater levels of SLC6A4 promoter methylation were found in individuals who suffered from sexual abuse, and significant positive correlations between 5-HTTLPR genotypes and hypermethylation with regard to antisocial personality disorder symptoms were found, with higher degrees of correlation with an increasing number of s alleles.
“an all-female study (n=155) found greater levels of SLC6A4 promoter methylation in individuals who suffered from sexual abuse and significant positive correlations between 5-HTTLPR genotypes and hypermethylation with regard to antisocial personality disorder symptoms, with higher degrees of correlation with an increasing number of s alleles (Beach, Brody, Todorov, Gunter, & Philibert, 2011)”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Beach, Brody, Todorov, Gunter, & Philibert, 2011
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSLC6A4 methylation is increased in association with degree of sexual abuse.
“↑ SLC6A4 methylation associated with degree of sexual abuse”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Beach et al., 2011
The Discussion reports an association between methylation upstream of SLC6A4 and reported childhood sexual abuse among women. The Methods describe a 0–2 abuse scale, but the Discussion says the study could not examine abuse severity in detail. Thus, the association is supported, but a claim that methylation increases with the degree of abuse is stronger than the paper establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn women, there is a significant association between sexual abuse and SLC6A4 hypermethylation, which has been linked to antisocial behavior.
“In women, there is a significant association between sexual abuse and SLC6A4 hypermethylation, which has been linked to antisocial behavior (74).”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Beach, S. R. H., Brody, G. H., Todorov, A. A., Gunter, T. D., & Philibert, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beach, Steven R. H.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-87
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3016449
- OpenAlex
- W1979326572
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015789, P30DA027827, DA015789)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, antisocial personality disorder, DNA methylation, epigenetics, women, CpG methylation, hypermethylation, adopted children
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Base Sequence, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Cytosine, Female, Guanine, Humans, Methylation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Down-Regulation, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
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