The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology
Open accessAbstract
The evolutionary-ecology approach to studying immune defences has generated a number of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics are reviewed in an attempt to identify the common problems, connections and generalities of the approach. In particular, the cost of immune defence, response specificity, sexual selection, neighbourhood effects and questions of optimal defence portfolios are discussed. While these questions still warrant further investigation, future challenges are the development of synthetic concepts for vertebrate and invertebrate systems and also of the theory that predicts immune responses based on a priori principles of evolutionary ecology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
Zasloff, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415389a · Cited by 8,457
The Danger Model: A Renewed Sense of Self
Matzinger, P. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1071059 · Cited by 4,205
Heritable True Fitness and Bright Birds: A Role for Parasites?
Hamilton, W. D., & Zuk, M. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7123238 · Cited by 3,733
Parasites, Bright Males, and the Immunocompetence Handicap
Folstad, I., & Karter, A. J. (1992) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285346 · Cited by 2,799
Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology
Sheldon, B. C., & Verhulst, S. (1996) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10039-2 · Cited by 2,566
Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression
Lord, G. M., Matarese, G., Howard, J. K., Baker, R. J., Bloom, S. R., & Lechler, R. I. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29795 · Cited by 2,160
Decoding the Patterns of Self and Nonself by the Innate Immune System
Medzhitov, R., & Janeway, C. A. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1068883 · Cited by 2,154
Trade‐offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity?
Lochmiller, R. L., & Deerenberg, C. (2000) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x · Cited by 2,110
Roff, D. (2001) · Encyclopedia of Biodiversity · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00175-9 · Cited by 2,039
The Instructive Role of Innate Immunity in the Acquired Immune Response
Fearon, D. T., & Locksley, R. M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5258.50 · Cited by 1,719
Cited by
Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories
Muehlenbein, M. P., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2005) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20419 · Cited by 448
Muehlenbein, M. P., Hirschtick, J. L., Bonner, J. Z., & Swartz, A. M. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21045 · Cited by 178
KARL, I., STOKS, R., DE BLOCK, M., JANOWITZ, S. A., & FISCHER, K. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02277.x · Cited by 161
Segner, H., Verburg-van Kemenade, B. M. L., & Chadzinska, M. (2017) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.004 · Cited by 86
Corby‐Harris, V., & Promislow, D. E. L. (2008) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01399.x · Cited by 52
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmid-Hempel, P.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2003-02-22
- Volume
- 270
- Issue
- 1513
- Pages
- 357-366
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- OpenAlex
- W2113535316
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 102
- FWCI
- 37.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1098/rspb.2002.2265
- The paper
- Schmid-Hempel, P. (2003). Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2265
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.