Decoding the Patterns of Self and Nonself by the Innate Immune System
Abstract
The innate immune system evolved several strategies of self/nonself discrimination that are based on the recognition of molecular patterns demarcating infectious nonself, as well as normal and abnormal self. These patterns are deciphered by receptors that either induce or inhibit an immune response, depending on the meaning of these signals.
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Cells dying by apoptosis can be vigorously immunogenic, whereas necrotic cells can be less immunogenic than cells undergoing an immunogenic form of apoptosis.
“However, in-depth investigations have shown that cells dying by apoptosis can be vigorously immunogenic, whereas necrotic cells can be less immunogenic than cells undergoing an immunogenic form of apoptosis 2,6.”
From Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death (2009) · cites this paper as [2]
The presence or absence of PAMPs cannot be the only criterion determining immunogenicity because transformed cells frequently elicit effective anti-tumor immune responses as they die.
“However, the presence or absence of PAMPs cannot be the only criterion that determines immunogenicity because transformed cells (which generally are not infected by foreign organisms) frequently elicit highly effective anti-tumor immune responses as they die2.”
From Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death (2009) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Medzhitov, R., & Janeway, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Medzhitov, Ruslan
- ORCID
- Medzhitov, Ruslan
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2002-04-12
- Volume
- 296
- Issue
- 5566
- Pages
- 298-300
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2002225831
- Cited by
- 2,154
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 35.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Keywords
- innate immunity, self/non-self discrimination, pattern recognition receptors, molecular patterns, immune tolerance, immune activation, innate immune receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Complement Pathway, Alternative, Biological Evolution, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Killer Cells, Natural, Lipopolysaccharides, Necrosis, Peptidoglycan, Receptors, Immunologic, Sialic Acids, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, Antigens, CD, Apoptosis, Self Tolerance
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