Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 enhances the susceptibility to antifungals and reduces the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) are chaperones required for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in different fungal pathogens, playing an important role in the infectious process. This study investigated the effect of pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 by radicicol on the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex--agents of the most common life-threatening fungal infection amongst immunocompromised patients. The influence of Hsp90 inhibition was investigated regarding in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents of planktonic and sessile cells, ergosterol concentration, cell membrane integrity, growth at 37 °C, production of virulence factors in vitro, and experimental infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Hsp90 inhibition inhibited the in vitro growth of planktonic cells of Cryptococcus spp. at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 μg ml(-1) and increased the in vitro inhibitory effect of azoles, especially fluconazole (FLC) (P < 0.05). Inhibition of Hsp90 also increased the antifungal activity of azoles against biofilm formation and mature biofilms of Cryptococcus spp., notably for Cryptococcus gattii. Furthermore, Hsp90 inhibition compromised the permeability of the cell membrane, and reduced planktonic growth at 37 °C and the capsular size of Cryptococcus spp. In addition, Hsp90 inhibition enhanced the antifungal activity of FLC during experimental infection using Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, our results indicate that Hsp90 inhibition can be an important strategy in the development of new antifungal drugs.
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Hsp90 is a central cellular hub mediating antifungal drug tolerance and resistance, stabilizing various signal transducers involved in enabling antifungal-induced stress in Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus.
“One central cellular hub mediating antifungal drug tolerance and resistance is the molecular chaperone, Hsp90, which stabilizes various signal transducers involved in enabling antifungal-induced stress in Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus74,75.”
From Molecular mechanisms governing antifungal drug resistance (2023) · cites this paper as [74]
The role of Hsp90 in supporting C. neoformans pathogenesis remains largely elusive due to a lack of genetic characterization.
“However, the role of Hsp90 in supporting C. neoformans pathogenesis remains largely elusive due to a lack of genetic characterization.”
From Genetic analysis of Hsp90 function in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> highlights key roles in stress tolerance and virulence (2022) · cites this paper as Cordeiro et al. 2016
Pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 by radicicol in nutrient-limited capsule-inducing media inhibits capsule production.
“previous reports that pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 by radicicol in nutrient-limited capsule-inducing media inhibits capsule production”
From Genetic analysis of Hsp90 function in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> highlights key roles in stress tolerance and virulence (2022) · cites this paper as Cordeiro et al. 2016
Depletion of HSP90 confirmed previous observations that Hsp90 modulates key virulence phenotypes and antifungal drug tolerance in C. neoformans.
“Utilizing the CTR4-2 promoter, depletion of HSP90 confirmed previous observations based on chemical inhibitors that Hsp90 modulates key virulence phenotypes and antifungal drug tolerance in C. neoformans (Cordeiro et al. 2016; Chatterjee and Tatu 2017).”
From Genetic analysis of Hsp90 function in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> highlights key roles in stress tolerance and virulence (2022) · cites this paper as Cordeiro et al. 2016
Hsp90 inhibition impairs C. neoformans virulence traits, such as capsule assembly, and increases susceptibility to antifungal agents.
“Hsp90 inhibition has been shown to impair C. neoformans virulence traits, such as capsule assembly, and increase susceptibility to antifungal agents79,80.”
From Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
Inhibitors of Hsp90, calcineurin and other stress response regulators show promise in combination with azoles for inhibiting Cryptococcus spp. growth.
“This is illustrated by inhibitors of Hsp90, calcineurin and other stress response regulators, which show promise in combination with azoles for inhibiting Cryptococcus spp. growth76,79,80.”
From Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
In Cryptococcus, Hsp90 is crucial for growth and radicicol has synergistic action with azoles.
“In Cryptococcus, Hsp90 has been recently shown to be crucial for growth of the fungi and Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol has synergistic action with azoles [18].”
From Heat shock protein 90 localizes to the surface and augments virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Previous studies in Cryptococcus have shown synergy of Hsp90 inhibitors Mycograb and RAD with azoles.
“Previous studies in Cryptococcus have shown synergy of Hsp90 inhibitors Mycograb [15] and RAD [18] with azoles.”
From Heat shock protein 90 localizes to the surface and augments virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
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Current and emerging therapies for fungal biofilms and systemic infections
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- Authors
- Cordeiro, R. D. A., Evangelista, A. J. D. J., Serpa, R., Marques, F. J. D. F., Melo, C. V. S. D., Oliveira, J. S. D., Franco, J. D. S., Alencar, L. P. D., Bandeira, T. D. J. P. G., Brilhante, R. S. N., Sidrim, J. J. C., & Rocha, M. F. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (BR)
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Microbiology
- Publisher
- Microbiology Society
- Published
- 2016-02-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 309-317
- ISSN
- 1350-0872 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-2080
- OpenAlex
- W2227223477
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heat shock proteins research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- HSP90, HSP90 inhibition, radicicol, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcosis, antifungal susceptibility, fluconazole, azoles, biofilm formation, plasma membrane integrity, capsular polysaccharide, virulence factors, Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, immunocompromised patients
- MeSH terms
- Amphotericin B, Animals, Antifungal Agents, Cell Membrane, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Ergosterol, Humans, Melanins, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Plankton, Fluconazole, Caenorhabditis elegans, Itraconazole, Biofilms, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Cryptococcus gattii, Voriconazole
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