The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma
Preprint — published as 10.1073/pnas.2103154118
Abstract
To investigate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the immune population, we co-incubated authentic virus with a highly neutralizing plasma from a COVID-19 convalescent patient. The plasma fully neutralized the virus for 7 passages, but after 45 days, the deletion of F140 in the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) N3 loop led to partial breakthrough. At day 73, an E484K substitution in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) occurred, followed at day 80 by an insertion in the NTD N5 loop containing a new glycan sequon, which generated a variant completely resistant to plasma neutralization. Computational modeling predicts that the deletion and insertion in loops N3 and N5 prevent binding of neutralizing antibodies. The recent emergence in the United Kingdom and South Africa of natural variants with similar changes suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to escape an effective immune response and that vaccines and antibodies able to control emerging variants should be developed. One Sentence Summary: Three mutations allowed SARS-CoV-2 to evade the polyclonal antibody response of a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As seen in natural infection, a majority of the antibodies tested (9/17) were at least ten-fold less effective against pseudotyped viruses carrying the E484K mutation7,12,29.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD can be categorized as belonging to 4 different classes based on their target regions on the RBD29.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Fab-S complexes exhibited multiple RBD-binding orientations recognizing either ‘up’/‘down’ (Fig 4a–j) or solely ‘up’ (Fig 4k–n) RBD conformations, consistent with structurally defined antibody classes from natural infection (Fig 4o)29.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“A475V is resistant to class 1 antibodies (structurally defined as described29); E484K and Q493R are resistant to class 2 antibodies7,8,12,13,29,30,32,33; while R346S, N439K, and N440K are resistant to class 3 antibodies7,8,12,13,29,33.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“These antibodies target epitopes that overlap or are closely associated with RBD residues K417, E484 and N501.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have recently been licensed that target the spike (S) protein, either using mRNA or adenovirus vector technology with protection rates ranging from 62 to 95%9–11.”
From Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
VMD: visual molecular dynamics
Humphrey, W., Dalke, A., & Schulten, K. (1996) · Journal of Molecular Graphics · doi:10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5 · Cited by 66,952
Particle mesh Ewald: An N⋅log(N) method for Ewald sums in large systems
Darden, T., York, D., & Pedersen, L. (1993) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.464397 · Cited by 29,638
Ryckaert, J.-P., Ciccotti, G., & Berendsen, H. J. C. (1977) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/0021-9991(77)90098-5 · Cited by 21,430
Comparative Protein Modelling by Satisfaction of Spatial Restraints
Šali, A., & Blundell, T. L. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1626 · Cited by 12,977 · cited 1×
“The S1 subunit presents two highly immunogenic domains, the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the RBD, which are the major targets of polyclonal and monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (4, 9, 10).”
cryoSPARC: algorithms for rapid unsupervised cryo-EM structure determination
Punjani, A., Rubinstein, J. L., Fleet, D. J., & Brubaker, M. A. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4169 · Cited by 11,626
Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., & Veesler, D. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956581 · Cited by 8,586 · cited 1×
“The main target of vaccines and mAbs is the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein), a large class I trimeric fusion protein which plays a key role in viral pathogenesis (3, 5, 6).”
CHARMM36m: an improved force field for folded and intrinsically disordered proteins
Huang, J., Rauscher, S., Nawrocki, G., Ran, T., Feig, M., de Groot, B. L., Grubmüller, H., & MacKerell, A. D. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4067 · Cited by 7,334
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 · Cited by 5,983
Constant pressure molecular dynamics algorithms
Martyna, G. J., Tobias, D. J., & Klein, M. L. (1994) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.467468 · Cited by 5,845 · cited 1×
“clinical settings where an immunocompromised COVID-19 patient, after 154 days of infection, presented different variants of the virus including the E484K substitution (25).”
Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2
Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2762 · Cited by 5,036 · cited 1×
“The S1 subunit presents two highly immunogenic domains, the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the RBD, which are the major targets of polyclonal and monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (4, 9, 10).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- A. Manenti et al., Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using a CPE-based colorimetric live virus micro-neutralization assay in human serum samples. Journal of medical virology, (2020). · DOI
- X. Chi et al., A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. 369, 650–655 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–251 of 251
2020 Hindsight: Should evolutionary virologists have expected the unexpected during a pandemic?
Goldhill, D. H., & Barclay, W. (2021) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14317 · Cited by 5
“…the presence of human sera or the use of deep mutagenesis scanning can indicate whether escape from vaccine-induced immunity is possible as well as identifying which mutations have the potential to cause escape and should be monitored (Andreano et al. 2020; Greaney et al. 2021; Starr et al. 2021).”
BackgroundVogel, M., Augusto, G. S., Chang, X., Liu, X., Speiser, D. E., Mohsen, M. O., & Bachmann, M. F. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.161903777.71370484/v1 · Cited by 3
Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients
Cimolai, N. (2021) · Clinical Hematology International · doi:10.2991/chi.k.210328.001 · Cited by 7
Kharchenko, E. P. (2021) · Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention · doi:10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-1-4-19 · Cited by 8
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant isolates from vaccinated individuals
Brinkac, L. M., Diepold, S., Mitchell, S., Sarnese, S., Kolakowski, L. F., Nelson, W. M., & Jennings, K. (2022) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-022-08652-z · Cited by 7
“The authors posit that selective pressure from host immune responses, specifically those that are antibody mediated, are responsible for frequent mutations and deletions in the NTD of circulating SARSCoV-2 lineages.”
BackgroundInfluentialRay, D., Quijano, R. N., & Andricioaei, I. (2022) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d2sc00534d · Cited by 13
Kumar, A., Ladha, A., Choudhury, A., Ikbal, A. M. A., Bhattacharjee, B., Das, T., Gupta, G., Sharma, C., Sarbajna, A., Mandal, S. C., et al. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2081156 · Cited by 5
Toth, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478053 · Cited by 5
Emergence of a novel SARS-CoV-2 Pango lineage B.1.1.526 in West Bengal, India
Sarkar, R., Saha, R., Mallick, P., Sharma, R. P., Kaur, A., Dutta, S., & Chawla‐Sarkar, M. (2021) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.020 · Cited by 6
Clinical Characteristics, Treatments and Outcomes of 18 Lung Transplant Recipients with COVID-19
Hage, R., Steinack, C., Gautschi, F., Pfister, S., İnci, İ., & Schuurmans, M. M. (2021) · Transplantology · doi:10.3390/transplantology2020022 · Cited by 5
“This hypothesis was confirmed in animal experiments, showing that CCP resulted in antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the E484K mutation associated with vaccine resistance [52].”
ResultHost–pathogen dynamics in longitudinal clinical specimens from patients with COVID-19
Lin, M. J., Rachleff, V. M., Xie, H. J., Shrestha, L., Lieberman, N. A. P., Peddu, V., Addetia, A., Casto, A. M., Breit, N., Mathias, P. C., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09752-2 · Cited by 6
Nidom, R. V., Indrasari, S., Normalina, I., Nidom, A. N., Afifah, B., Dewi, L., Putra, A. K., Ansori, A. N. M., Kusala, M. K. J., Alamudi, M. Y., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.426655 · Cited by 11
Xu, X.-R., Zhang, W., Wu, X., et al. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-022-3673-x · Cited by 4
“Although more than 7 billion people worldwide have been vaccinated,((1)) the protective effect of the vaccine has declined because of the novel coronavirus variant and immune escape.((19)) Due to the lack of effective measures, the treatment of COVID-19 is mainly focused on symptomatic treatment and supportive treatme…”
BackgroundWang, H., Zhang, L., Liang, Z.-T., Nie, J., Wu, J.-J., Li, Q.-Q., Ding, R., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Wang, Y., et al. (2022) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05327-0 · Cited by 4
Immune dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution
Kamat, M., Kurlawala, V., Ghosh, G., & Vaishnav, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular and Immuno Oncology · doi:10.25259/ijmio_26_2021 · Cited by 4
Ray, D., Quijano, R., & Andricioaei, I. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456317 · Cited by 4
SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations: A strain on efficacy of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies?
Boskovic, M., Migo, W., & Likić, R. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14849 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, an earlier study conducted by Andreano et al.(14) investigated the evolution of SARS-COV-2 in the”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWu, L.-Y., Peng, C., Xu, Z., et al. (2021) · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13897091.v1 · Cited by 4
“Experiments in vitro have shown that the E484K substitution occurs when the SARS-CoV-2 is co-incubated in a highly neutralizing plasma from a COVID-19 convalescent patient, which leads to strong resistance to plasma neutralization([3]).”
BackgroundEnsovibep, a novel trispecific DARPin candidate that protects against SARS-CoV-2 variantsPreprint
Rothenberger, S., Hurdiss, D. L., Walser, M., Malvezzi, F., Mayor, J., Ryter, S., Moreno, H., Liechti, N., Bosshart, A., Iss, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429164 · Cited by 17
Merrett, J. E., Nolan, M., Hartman, L. M., John, N., Flynn, B., Baker, L., Schang, C., McCarthy, D., Lister, D., Cheng, N. N., et al. (2024) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01497-23 · Cited by 6
“Mutations in the NTD and RBM are associated with increased transmissibility (4, 10, 26), antibody escape (26, 27), or immune evasion (28), and the unique mutation signatures can be used to type variants with a high degree of confidence.”
BackgroundKharchenko, E. P. (2021) · Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention · doi:10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-4-4-18 · Cited by 4
“Одной из му таций была вставка между Y248 и L249 ундеца пептида KTRNKSTSRRE с преобладанием в нем положительно заряженных аминокислот и со держанием сайта (NKS) гликозилирования [7].”
Israeli, M., Finkel, Y., Yahalom-Ronen, Y., Paran, N., Chitlaru, T., Israeli, O., Cohen-Gihon, I., Aftalion, M., Falach, R., Elia, U., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452809 · Cited by 2
“Viral variants with the triple combination of mutations exhibit reduced 119 susceptibility to vaccine-induced and convalescent sera [35-41].”
Berguer, P. M., Blaustein, M., Bredeston, L. M., Craig, P. O., D’Alessio, C., Elias, F., Farré, P. C., Fernández, N. B., Gentili, H. G., Gándola, Y. B., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441271 · Cited by 1
SARS-CoV-2 variant with higher affinity to ACE2 shows reduced sera neutralization susceptibilityPreprint
Vogel, M., Chang, X., Augusto, G. S., Mohsen, M. O., Speiser, D. E., & Bachmann, M. F. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433887 · Cited by 3
A review of SARS-CoV-2 virology, vaccines, variants and their impact on the COVID-19 pandemic
Hirahata, T., Quraish, R. U., Quraish, A. U., & Quraish, S. U. (2024) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/mrm.0000000000000393 · Cited by 4
Shielding under endemic SARS-CoV-2 conditions is easier said than done: a model-based analysisPreprint
Stoddard, M., Lin, Y., Sarkar, S., Mazewski, M., Egeren, D. V., Mangalaganesh, S., Nolan, R. P., Rogers, M. S., Hather, G., White, L. F., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.23284884 · Cited by 3
Genomic Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Myanmar
Oo, K. Z., Htun, Z. W., Aung, N. M., Win, K. K., Linn, K. Z., Htoo, S. P., Aung, P. K., Oo, T. W., Zaw, M. T., Ko, L. Y., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010006 · Cited by 1
“They were more vulnerable to substitutions like E484K (22).”
BackgroundInfluentialHassan, S., West, K. A., Conry-Cantilena, K., & Giorgi, V. D. (2021) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.16751 · Cited by 4
“Donors who were vaccinated but had no history of COVID-19 infection were not eligible to donate CCP.”
BackgroundInfluentialDiversity of Coronavirus ReceptorsPreprint
Ghosh, P., Jayaram, S., Patwardhan, D., Marimuthu, S., Lenehan, P. J., Venkatakrishnan, A., Hughes, T. K., Zemmour, D., Anand, P., & Soundararajan, V. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0071.v1 · Cited by 4
“Notably, in an in vitro study, E484K emerged as one of the escape mutations following serial passages of SARS-CoV-2 through convalescent sera, along with a deletion and insertion in NTD loops, that completely abrogated virus neutralizing activity [155].”
BackgroundReducing the Mobility of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Safeguard Containments
Hellwig, M., Priesemann, V., & Wolff, G. (2021) · Inter economics · doi:10.1007/s10272-021-0987-4 · Cited by 2
“The emergence of escape variants has been documented in several regions, and a similar evolution has also been observed in-vitro (Andreano et al, 2020).”
BackgroundThe impact of high-resolution structural data on stemming the COVID-19 pandemic
Cox, R. M., & Plemper, R. K. (2021) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.005 · Cited by 3
Meta-Analysis of the Dynamics of the Emergence of Mutations and Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Castonguay, N., Zhang, W.-D., & Langlois, M.-A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.21252994 · Cited by 2
“SARS-CoV-2 has reached pandemic status due to its presence on every continent and has since 74 maintained a high level of transmissibility across hosts of varied ethnical and genetic backgrounds (2, 12).”
BackgroundCD47 as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of severe COVID-19Preprint
McLaughlin, K.-M., Bojková, D., Bechtel, M., Kandler, J. D., Reus, P., Le, T. T., Wagner, J. U. G., Ciesek, S., Wass, M. N., Michaelis, M., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433404 · Cited by 2
Kongtaworn, N., Sinsulpsiri, S., Hanpaibool, C., Maitarad, P., Mahalapbutr, P., & Rungrotmongkol, T. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31081253 · Cited by 1
“V3, demonstrate reduced neutralization by convalescent plasma from previously infected individuals compared to other strains [13].”
Ohia, C., Solomon, B. A., Tauseef, A., Haroon, H., E., A. G. R. E., & Sridhar Mynepalli, K. C. (2022) · African Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.21010/ajid.v16i2.1 · Cited by 1
“However, the patient passed on after few months (Science Media centre 2020; Andreano et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSchmedes, S. E., Azarian, T., Cella, E., Motes, J., Tekin, O., Weiss, J., Miller, N., & Blanton, J. L. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.21266538 · Cited by 2
“While the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein has received much of the attention due to the phenotypic impact of ACE2 receptor binding, the NTD has recently emerged as significant in its role as a site for neutralizing antibodies (37-42).”
BackgroundANALYSIS OF IMMUNE ESCAPE VARIANTS FROM ANTIBODY-BASED THERAPEUTICS AGAINST COVID-19.
Focosi, D., Maggi, F., Franchini, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.21266207 · Cited by 1
Vaccines against COVID-19 – Catching the Rays of Hope
Srinivasamurthy, S. K., & Bairy, L. K. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International · doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47a33035 · Cited by 1
Spread of endemic SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Russia before April 2021
Klink, G. V., Safina, K. R., Garushyants, S. K., Moldovan, M. A., Nabieva, E., Komissarov, A. B., Lioznov, D. A., & Bazykin, G. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270717 · Cited by 21
Mueller, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.624675 · Cited by 4
Spinello, A., Saltalamacchia, A., Borišek, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441093 · Cited by 1
Self, W. H., Stewart, T. G., Wheeler, A. P., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-227796/v1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKayabolen, A., Akcan, U., Ozturan, D., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425128 · Cited by 1
Nunes, D. R., Lucchi, D. B. M., Andreata‐Santos, R., Janini, L. M., & Braconi, C. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Drug Discovery · doi:10.3389/fddsv.2023.1176768 · Cited by 2
“Evidence of an increased transmission of Omicron variant, including risk ormortality, pointed to mutations in RBD and nucleocapsid (N) regions (Andreano et al., 2020; Plante et al., 2020; Tegally et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021; Andreata-Santos et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSherbiny, G. M. E., & El-Hawary, A. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports · doi:10.55920/2771-019x/1100
SARS-CoV-19 Mutations: is a Blessing or a Curse for Human Being?
Jadali, Z. (2022) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v32i2.28
Subramani, J., Shaabani, N., Shetty, D., Wu, H., Kwon, S., Li, W., Yue, C., Lahtz, C., Ramirez-Torres, A., Zhou, H., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456704
SARS-CoV-2 Vs Vaccines- the tug of war
Mishra, B. (2021) · The Journal of Community Health Management · doi:10.18231/j.jchm.2021.001
Makdasi, E., Zvi, A., Alcalay, R., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438035
An open debate on SARS-CoV-2's proximal origin is long overduePreprint
Segreto, R., Deigin, Y., McCairn, K., Sousa, A., Sirotkin, D., Sirotkin, K. M., Couey, J. J., Jones, A., & Zhang, D. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.03910 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore glycan sequons can actually arise in vitro in the presence of antibodies, as was recently observed during serial passaging of SARS-CoV-2 (Andreano et al. 2020) and may also arise in the lab during in vivo passaging of viruses in, for example, humanized mice.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Andreano, E., Piccini, G., Licastro, D., Casalino, L., Johnson, N. V., Paciello, I., Monego, S. D., Pantano, E., Manganaro, N., Manenti, A., Manna, R., Casa, E., Hyseni, I., Benincasa, L., Montomoli, E., Amaro, R. E., McLellan, J. S., & Rappuoli, R.
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2020-12-28
- PMC
- PMC7781313
- References
- 56
- Type
- Preprint
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
