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Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

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Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

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Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

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ViennaRNA Package 2.0

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An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs

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mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology

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The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications

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Advancing mRNA vaccines: A comprehensive review of design, delivery, and efficacy in infectious diseases

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Efficient circularization of protein-encoding RNAs via a novel cis -splicing system

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Advances in targeted delivery of mRNA into immune cells for enhanced cancer therapy

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Monitoring mRNA vaccine antigen expression in vivo using PET/CT

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Tobacco as green bioreactor for therapeutic protein production: latest breakthroughs and optimization strategies

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Tertiary folds of the SL5 RNA from the 5′ proximal region of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses

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Challenges and opportunities in mRNA vaccine development against bacteria

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Biochemical characterization of mRNA capping enzyme from Faustovirus

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RNA Structure: Past, Future, and Gene Therapy Applications

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mRNA vaccines: immunogenicity and quality characteristics

Quan, Y., Yang, H., Li, W., & Li, L. X. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03800-5 · Cited by 27

The clinical progress and challenges of mRNA vaccines

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RNA stability enhancers for durable base-modified mRNA therapeutics

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Circular RNAs: Novel Players in Cancer Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Kim, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251810121 · Cited by 20

High-throughput synthesis and optimization of ionizable lipids through A3 coupling for efficient mRNA delivery

Li, J., Hu, J., Jin, D., Huo, H., Chen, N., Lin, J., & Lu, X. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02919-1 · Cited by 24

Heterologous reporter expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea through somatic mRNA transfection

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Not so cold! Improving the thermostability of mRNA vaccines

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Advances in non-viral mRNA delivery to the spleen

Narasipura, E. A., & Fenton, O. S. (2024) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d4bm00038b · Cited by 20

Building a Better Silver Bullet: Current Status and Perspectives of Non‐Viral Vectors for mRNA Vaccines

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Circular single-stranded DNA as a programmable vector for gene regulation in cell-free protein expression systems

Tian, Z., Shao, D., Tang, L., Li, Z., Chen, Q., Song, Y., Li, T., Simmel, F. C., & Song, J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49021-6 · Cited by 20

Critical considerations of mRNA–LNP technology for CAR-T therapy: components, payloads and emerging horizons

Qu, Y., Liu, R., Sun, D., & Dai, Z. (2024) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d4qm00479e · Cited by 18

Rapid folding of nascent RNA regulates eukaryotic RNA biogenesis

Schärfen, L., Vock, I. W., Simon, M. D., & Neugebauer, K. M. (2024) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.02.025 · Cited by 17

mRNA Vaccines: Current Applications and Future Directions

Li, J., Liu, Y., Dai, J., Li, Y., Xiong, F., Xia, J., Jin, J., Wu, Y., & Peng, X. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70434 · Cited by 27

mRNABERT: advancing mRNA sequence design with a universal language model and comprehensive dataset

Xiong, Y., Wang, A., Kang, Y., Shen, C., Hsieh, C., & Hou, T. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65340-8 · Cited by 20

Delivery of mRNA for cancer therapy: progress and prospects

Su, L.-J., Xu, M.-X., Ji, Z.-H., Zhu, J.-Q., Yu, M., Wang, Y., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102013 · Cited by 17

Defining ortholog-specific UHRF1 inhibition by STELLA for cancer therapy

Bai, W., Xu, J., Gu, W., Wang, D., Cui, Y., Rong, W., Du, X., Li, M., Xia, C., Gan, Q., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55481-7 · Cited by 20

Avian influenza mRNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin provides complete protection against divergent H5N1 viruses in specific-pathogen-free chickens

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Redesigning the Eterna100 RNA design benchmark for the Vienna 2 folding enginePreprint

Koodli, R. V., Rudolfs, B., Romano, J., Wayment-Steele, H. K., Dunlap, W. A., Designers, E. S., & Das, R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457839 · Cited by 17

mRNA vaccine development and applications: A special focus on tumors (Review)

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mRNA biotherapeutics landscape for rare genetic disorders

Iyer, V. R., Praveen Reddy., P., Kaduskar, B., Moharir, S. C., & Mishra, R. K. (2024) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-023-00415-6 · Cited by 17

Discovery of peptides for ligand-mediated delivery of mRNA lipid nanoparticles to cystic fibrosis lung epithelia

Soto, M. R., Lewis, M. M., Leal, J., Pan, Y., Mohanty, R. P., Veyssi, A., Maier, E. Y., Heiser, B. J., & Ghosh, D. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102375 · Cited by 20

mRNA-LM: full-length integrated SLM for mRNA analysis

Li, S., Noroozizadeh, S., Moayedpour, S., Kogler-Anele, L., Xue, Z., Zheng, D., Montoya, F. U., Agarwal, V., Bar‐Joseph, Z., & Jäger, S. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf044 · Cited by 18

Nanobiotechnology-Enabled mRNA Stabilization

Xian, H., Zhang, Y., Yu, C., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020620 · Cited by 19

Innate sensing of mRNA vaccines

Wuebben, C., Bartok, E., & Hartmann, G. (2022) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2022.102249 · Cited by 16

Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization

Paul-Chima, U. O., Okon, M. B., Ogenyi Fabian, C., Nnenna, U. J., & Ugwu, C. N. (2026) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2026.2661120 · Cited by 18

TREAT: Therapeutic RNAs exploration inspired by artificial intelligence technology

Luo, Y., Liu, L., He, Z., Zhang, S., Huo, P., Wang, Z., Jiaxin, Q., Zhao, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, D., et al. (2022) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.011 · Cited by 14

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 cooperates with initiation factors EIF1 and 1A to selectively enhance translation of viral RNA

Aviner, R., Lidsky, P. V., Xiao, Y., Tassetto, M., Kim, D., Zhang, L., McAlpine, P. L., Elias, J. E., Frydman, J., & Andino, R. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011535 · Cited by 25

mRNA Vaccine for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pilot Study

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UTR-Insight: integrating deep learning for efficient 5′ UTR discovery and design

Pan, S., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Tang, Z., Xu, L., Yan, Z., & Hu, Y. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11269-7 · Cited by 15

ML-driven design of 3’ UTRs for mRNA stabilityPreprint

Morrow, A., Thornal, A., Flynn, E. D., Hoelzli, E., Shan, M., Garipler, G., Kirchner, R., Reddy, A. J., Tabchouri, S., Gupta, A., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.616676 · Cited by 15

mRNA-based technology for engineered regenerative medicine

Zhen, X., Chen, W., & Tao, W. (2025) · Cell Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.celbio.2025.100185 · Cited by 16

Versatile Cell Penetrating Peptide for Multimodal CRISPR Gene Editing in Primary Stem Cells

Graham, J. P., Castro, J. G., Werba, L. C., Amitrano, J., Fardone, L. C., Francis, K. P., Ramamurthi, A., Layden, M. J., McCarthy, H. O., & Gonzalez‐Fernandez, T. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202501532 · Cited by 15

Programmable optoelectronic Ising machine for optimization of real-world problems

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An efficient mRNA delivery system for genome editing in plants

Qiu, F., Xue, C., Liu, J., Li, B., Gao, Q., Liang, R., Chen, K., & Gao, C. (2025) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.14591 · Cited by 15

Chirality-Controlled Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery

Lee, J.-H., Jung, W., Lee, D., Kang, M., Chung, H. J., & Yeom, J. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c00920 · Cited by 13

Screening putative polyester polyurethane degrading enzymes with semi-automated cell-free expression and nitrophenyl probes

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Non-viral delivery of RNA for therapeutic T cell engineering

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Therapeutic applications of cell engineering using mRNA technology

He, Y., Johnston, A. P. R., & Pouton, C. W. (2024) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.07.012 · Cited by 12

A versatile toolbox for determining IRES activity in cells and embryonic tissues

Koch, P., Zhang, Z., Genuth, N. R., Susanto, T. T., Haimann, M., Khmelinskaia, A., Byeon, G. W., Dey, S., Barna, M., & Leppek, K. (2025) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-025-00404-5 · Cited by 13

Post-transcriptional modular synthetic receptors

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JAX-RNAfold: scalable differentiable folding

Krueger, R., & Ward, M. (2025) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf203 · Cited by 12

Frontiers in nonviral delivery of small molecule and genetic drugs, driven by polymer chemistry and machine learning for materials informatics

Ting, J., Tamayo-Mendoza, T., Petersen, S. R., Reet, J. V., Ahmed, U. A., Snell, N. J., Fisher, J. D., Stern, M., & Oviedo, F. (2023) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d3cc04705a · Cited by 12

3′ Untranslated Regions Are Modular Entities That Determine Polyadenylation Profiles

Lui, K. H., Geisberg, J. V., Moqtaderi, Z., & Struhl, K. (2022) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00244-22 · Cited by 11

circDesign Algorithm for Designing Synthetic Circular RNAPreprint

Xu, C., Pu, C., Chen, R., Wang, W., Jiang, F., Deng, C., Zhai, D., Chen, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.09.548293 · Cited by 12

Loop structure in poly(A) tail of mRNA vaccine enhances antigen translation efficiency and mRNA stability

Oh, A., Lee, S., Park, H.-J., Yoon, S., Ha, D., Lee, J., Lee, S., Roh, G., Cho, Y., Lee, S., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01287-7 · Cited by 11

N1-Methylpseudouridine directly modulates translation dynamics

Rozman, B., Broennimann, K., Rajan, K. S., Nachshon, A., Saha, C., Arazi, T., Mohan, V., Geiger, T., Wollner, C. J., Richner, J. M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09945-5 · Cited by 15

A combination influenza mRNA vaccine candidate provided broad protection against diverse influenza virus challenge

Tian, Y., Deng, Z., Chuai, Z., Li, C., Chang, L., Sun, F., Cao, R., Yu, H., Xiao, R., Lü, S., et al. (2024) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2024.110125 · Cited by 15

Use of polyadenosine tail mimetics to enhance mRNA expression from genes associated with haploinsufficiency disorders

Torkzaban, B., Zhu, Y., Lopez, C., Alexander, J., Ma, J., Sun, Y., Maschhoff, K. R., Hu, W., Jacob, M. H., Lin, D., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102453 · Cited by 11

Race with virus evolution: The development and application of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

Lee, K.-M., Lin, S., Wu, C.-J., & Kuo, R. (2023) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2023.01.002 · Cited by 14

Effective Synthesis of High-Integrity mRNA Using In Vitro Transcription

He, W., Zhang, X., Zou, Y., Li, J., Wang, C., He, Y.-C., Jin, Q., & Ye, J. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29112461 · Cited by 13

Variation in the fitness impact of translationally optimal codons among animalsPreprint

Bénitière, F., Tristan, L., & Duret, L. (2025) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.279837.124 · Cited by 11

Engineered mRNAs With Stable Structures Minimize Double-stranded RNA Formation and Increase Protein Expression

Qin, Q., Yan, H., Gao, W., Cao, R., Liu, G., Zhang, X., Wang, N., Zuo, W., Yuan, L., Gao, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168822 · Cited by 11

Nanovaccines: Antigen selection, stabilization, adjuvantation, formulation, and evaluation

Lu, L., Yang, M., Deng, D., Shi, X., Lovell, J. F., & Jin, H. (2025) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216806 · Cited by 10

mRNA folding algorithms for structure and codon optimization

Ward, M., Richardson, M. O. G., & Metkar, M. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf386 · Cited by 12

Codon Usage Bias in Human RNA Viruses and Its Impact on Viral Translation, Fitness, and Evolution

Ventoso, I. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17091218 · Cited by 11

Studies on the Synergistic Effect of Tandem Semi-Stable Complementary Domains on Sequence-Defined DNA Block Copolymers

Li, X., Dai, X., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Yang, B., Chen, K., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Dong, Y., Yang, Y. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c08930 · Cited by 9

Identifying Key Drivers of Efficient B Cell Responses: On the Role of T Help, Antigen-Organization, and Toll-like Receptor Stimulation for Generating a Neutralizing Anti-Dengue Virus Response

Sobczak, J. M., Barkovska, I., Baļķe, I., Rothen, D. A., Mohsen, M. O., Skrastiņa, D., Ogrina, A., Martina, B. E. E., Jansons, J., Bogans, J., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12060661 · Cited by 9

A Hyperbolic Discrete Diffusion 3D RNA Inverse Folding Model for Functional RNA Design

Hou, D., Zhang, S., Ma, M., Lin, H., Wan, Z., Zhao, H., Zhou, R., He, X. D., Wei, X., Ju, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5c00527 · Cited by 11

Proceeding artificial intelligence technology towards vaccine designs

Zhao, F., & Zai, X. (2025) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2025.100162 · Cited by 9

IRES-Mediated Translation: Expanding the Toolkits of RNA Therapy

Gao, X., & Wu, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110542 · Cited by 10

mRNA therapeutics: Molecular mechanisms, delivery platforms, regulatory frameworks, and equitable global access

Ikrar, T., Muchsin, W., & Sophian, A. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115019 · Cited by 10

In vivo gene delivery to immune cells

Siebart, J. C., Chan, C. S., Yao, X., Su, F., & Kwong, G. A. (2023) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103169 · Cited by 11

‘Remarkable’ AI tool designs mRNA vaccines that are more potent and stable

Dolgin, E. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01487-y · Cited by 9

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 regulates translation start site fidelity to promote infectionPreprint

Aviner, R., Lidsky, P. V., Xiao, Y., Tassetto, M., Zhang, L., McAlpine, P. L., Elias, J. E., Frydman, J., & Andino, R. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547902 · Cited by 9

Nucleotide distribution analysis of 5′UTRs in genome-scale directs their redesign and expression regulation in yeast

Yao, C., Yin, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Shao, Q., Liu, Q., Ren, Y., & Cai, M. (2024) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2024.12.008 · Cited by 8

Analysis of lipid nanoparticles using two-dimensional chromatography: Simultaneous determination of encapsulation efficiency, nucleic acid integrity, and size of LNP formulations

Pavlin, N., Bavčar, M., Kovačič, T., Kašček, T., Celjar, A. M., Bergoč, I., Livk, A. G., & Štrancar, A. (2025) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124751 · Cited by 8

Enhancing mRNA translation efficiency with discriminative and generative artificial intelligence by optimizing 5′ UTR sequences

Liu, Y., Cui, C., Liu, L., & Cui, Q. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113544 · Cited by 8

mRNA-encoded mutant HPV16/18 vaccines promote specific T-cell responses and synergize with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade in mediating therapeutic tumor regression in mice

Zhang, Q., Cao, B., Li, L., Zhou, Y., Ni, C., Zhao, Y., Xu, D., Yu, H., Jin, L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-012090 · Cited by 8

Recent advances in freeze-drying technologies for mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases

Lou, J., Wu, Z., Cheng, Y., Li, M., Liu, N., Wang, Z., Gao, X., Zheng, A., & Zhang, H. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126426 · Cited by 9

AI-powered mapping of tumor immunity for optimized mRNA vaccine engineering

Srivastava, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1766201 · Cited by 10

Towards mRNA therapeutics 2.0

Chien, K. R., Foo, K. S., & Witman, N. (2026) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-026-01459-7 · Cited by 12

LinearDesign: Efficient Algorithms for Optimized mRNA Sequence DesignPreprint

Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Liu, K., Liu, B., Mathews, D. H., & Huang, L. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8

How the initial discovery of modified RNA enabled evasion of innate immune responses and facilitated the development of RNA therapeutics

Sioud, M. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13282 · Cited by 8

Phylogenetic history and temperature adaptation contribute to structural and functional stability of proteins in marine mollusks

Zhang, X., Liao, M., Ma, C., Ma, L., Huang, Q.-W., & Dong, Y. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07881-8 · Cited by 8

Multi-objective computational optimization of human 5′ UTR sequences

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Light-controlled genome editing by activation of Cas9-mRNA translation

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