Oxygen metabolism in descendants of the archaeal-eukaryotic ancestor
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41586-026-10128-z · Paper page
Abstract
Asgard archaea were pivotal in the origin of complex cellular life. Hodarchaeales (Asgardarchaeota class Heimdallarchaeia) were recently shown to be the closest relatives of eukaryotes. However, limited sampling of these archaea constrains our understanding of their ecology and evolution 1–3 , including their anticipated role in eukaryogenesis. Here, we nearly double the number of Asgardarchaeota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to 869, including 136 new Heimdallarchaeia (49 Hodarchaeales) and several novel lineages. Examining global distribution revealed Hodarcheales are primarily found in coastal marine sediments. Detailed analysis of their metabolic capabilities revealed guilds of Heimdallarchaeia are distinct from other Asgardarchaeota. These archaea encode hallmarks of aerobic eukaryotes, including electron transport chain complexes (III and IV), biosynthesis of heme, and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The predicted structural architecture of Heimdallarchaeia membrane-bound hydrogenases includes additional Complex-I-like subunits potentially increasing the proton motive force and ATP synthesis. Heimdallarchaeia genomes encode CoxD, which regulates the electron transport chain (ETC) in eukaryotes. Thus, key hallmarks for aerobic respiration may have been present in the Asgard-eukaryotic ancestor. Moreover, we found that Heimdallarchaeia is present in a variety of oxic marine environments. This expanded diversity reveals these Archaea likely conferred energetic advantages during early stages of eukaryogenesis, fueling cellular complexity.
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Archaeal lineages related to eukaryotes encode functional diterpenoid cyclasesPreprint
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The archaeal roots of eukaryotic life
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Quantum Effects in Evolution: Terrestrial Fine-Tuning of Magnetic Parameters
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ArchaeaHQ: A Curated Reference Database of Archaeal GenomesPreprint
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These bizarre, much-coveted microbes are revealing the origins of complex life
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Self-citationA symbiogenic merger enabled by oxygen initiated the evolution of eukaryotes
Speijer, D. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2620770123
- Authors
- Appler, K. E., Lingford, J. P., Gong, X., Panagiotou, K., Leão, P., Langwig, M., Greening, C., Ettema, T. J. G., De Anda, V., & Baker, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Shandong University (CN)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Brett J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2024-07-04
- Volume
- 652
- Issue
- 8109
- Pages
- 405-415
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7130454864
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 53.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- Asgard archaea, eukaryotic origin, oxygen metabolism, aerobic respiration, hydrogen production, heme biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species scavenging, marine sediment, metagenome-assembled genomes
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Aerobiosis, Archaea, Heme, Oxygen, Phylogeny, Reactive Oxygen Species, Geologic Sediments, Genome, Archaeal, Metagenome, Eukaryota
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