CheckM: Assessing the Quality of Microbial Genomes Recovered from Isolates, Single Cells, and Metagenomes
Open accessAbstract
Large-scale recovery of genomes from isolates, single cells, and metagenomic data has been made possible by advances in computational methods and substantial reductions in sequencing costs. Although this increasing breadth of draft genomes is providing key information regarding the evolutionary and functional diversity of microbial life, it has become impractical to finish all available reference genomes. Making robust biological inferences from draft genomes requires accurate estimates of their completeness and contamination. Current methods for assessing genome quality are ad hoc and generally make use of a limited number of "marker" genes conserved across all bacterial or archaeal genomes. Here we introduce CheckM, an automated method for assessing the quality of a genome using a broader set of marker genes specific to the position of a genome within a reference genome tree and information about the collocation of these genes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CheckM using synthetic data and a wide range of isolate-, single-cell-, and metagenome-derived genomes. CheckM is shown to provide accurate estimates of genome completeness and contamination and to outperform existing approaches. Using CheckM, we identify a diverse range of errors currently impacting publicly available isolate genomes and demonstrate that genomes obtained from single cells and metagenomic data vary substantially in quality. In order to facilitate the use of draft genomes, we propose an objective measure of genome quality that can be used to select genomes suitable for specific gene- and genome-centric analyses of microbial communities.
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Quality and completeness of the genomes were assessed using CheckM, with completeness >94% required.
“Quality and completeness were assessed using CheckM (completeness > 94% required) [24].”
From Genomic Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains: Potential Probiotics from Ethiopian Traditional Fermented Cottage Cheese (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The NIES-46 genome completeness is 100% based on checkM analysis.
“The genome completeness is 100% based on a comparison with cyanobacterial marker genes using checkM analysis 19.”
From The Draft Genome of a Hydrogen-producing Cyanobacterium, <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> NIES-46 (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The success of metagenomic binning procedures is validated by investigating the number of single-copy core-genome genes within each bin, as implemented by CheckM.
“The success of such binning procedures is validated by investigating the number of single-copy core-genome genes within each bin, as implemented by software such as CheckM (Parks et al., 2015).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Parks et al., 2015
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Meta-analysis of cheese microbiomes highlights contributions to multiple aspects of quality
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Microbial composition of Kombucha determined using amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics
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Revealing the microbial heritage of traditional Brazilian cheeses through metagenomics
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The diversity and evolution of microbial dissimilatory phosphite oxidation
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Fast and accurate metagenotyping of the human gut microbiome with GT-Pro
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The origin and evolution of methanogenesis and <i>Archaea</i> are intertwined
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Clonal Candida auris and ESKAPE pathogens on the skin of residents of nursing homes
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“11.(44) The obtained unigenes were used to blast the sequences for the bacterial, fungi, archaea, and viruses, which were extracted from the NCBI Refseq(45) using the software program DIAMOND v.”
MethodOxygen metabolism in descendants of the archaeal-eukaryotic ancestor
Appler, K. E., Lingford, J. P., Gong, X., Panagiotou, K., Leão, P., Langwig, M. V., Greening, C., Ettema, T. J. G., De Anda, V., & Baker, B. J. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10128-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Oxygen metabolism in descendants of the archaeal-eukaryotic ancestor
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“18 [31] and were filtered for >90% completeness and <5% contamination.”
BackgroundMaternal and food microbial sources shape the infant microbiome of a rural Ethiopian population
Manara, S., Selma-Royo, M., Huang, K. D., Asnicar, F., Armanini, F., Blanco-Miguez, A., Cumbo, F., Golzato, D., Manghi, P., Pinto, F., et al. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Shotgun metagenomic analysis reveals new insights into bacterial community profiles in tempeh
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Bifidobacteriaceae diversity in the human microbiome from a large-scale genome-wide analysis
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Guild-Level Microbiome Signature Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Prognosis
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Pangenomes of human gut microbiota uncover links between genetic diversity and stress response
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Comparative Genomic Analysis of Bifidobacterium bifidum Strains Isolated from Different Niches
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Genomic and functional diversity of the human-derived isolates of Faecalibacterium
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“Quality and completeness were assessed using CheckM (completeness > 94% required) [24].”
Viruses of sulfur oxidizing phototrophs encode genes for pigment, carbon, and sulfur metabolisms
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Genomic atlas of Bifidobacterium infantis and B. longum informs infant probiotic design
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The Draft Genome of a Hydrogen-producing Cyanobacterium, <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> NIES-46
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“The genome completeness is 100% based on a comparison with cyanobacterial marker genes using checkM analysis [19].”
MethodPseudofructophilic Leuconostoc citreum Strain F192-5, Isolated from Satsuma Mandarin Peel
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Degradation of polyethylene by three bacteria isolated from coastal beach
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Di Pierro, F., Sagheddu, V., Galletti, S., Casaroli, A., Labrini, E., Soldi, S., Cazzaniga, M., Bertuccioli, A., Matera, M., Cavecchia, I., et al. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10522-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parks, D. H., Imelfort, M., Skennerton, C. T., Hugenholtz, P., & Tyson, G. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Genome Research
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2015-05-14
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1043-1055
- ISSN
- 1088-9051 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5469
- PMC
- PMC4484387
- OpenAlex
- W2112364185
- Cited by
- 12,496
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1931 · 2025: 2112 · 2024: 1929 · 2023: 1587 · 2022: 1403 · 2021: 1204 · 2020: 928 · 2019: 582 · 2018: 381 · 2017: 261 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Great Barrier Reef Foundation
- Australian Research Council (DP120103498, DP1093175)
- Discovery Outstanding Researcher Award
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
- Keywords
- CheckM, genome completeness, genome contamination, draft genome sequence, microbial genomes, marker genes, single-cell genomics, metagenome, genome quality assessment, bacterial and archaeal genomes
- MeSH terms
- Metagenome, Metagenomics, Genome, Microbial
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