The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP by aerobic respiration. Yet, research in the past half century has shown that they perform a much larger suite of functions and that these functions can vary substantially among diverse eukaryotic lineages. Despite this diversity, all mitochondria derive from a common ancestral organelle that originated from the integration of an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium into a host cell related to Asgard Archaea. The transition from endosymbiotic bacterium to permanent organelle entailed a massive number of evolutionary changes including the origins of hundreds of new genes and a protein import system, insertion of membrane transporters, integration of metabolism and reproduction, genome reduction, endosymbiotic gene transfer, lateral gene transfer and the retargeting of proteins. These changes occurred incrementally as the endosymbiont and the host became integrated. Although many insights into this transition have been gained, controversy persists regarding the nature of the original endosymbiont, its initial interactions with the host and the timing of its integration relative to the origin of other features of eukaryote cells. Since the establishment of the organelle, proteins have been gained, lost, transferred and retargeted as mitochondria have specialized into the spectrum of functional types seen across the eukaryotic tree of life.
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“This successful endosymbiotic interaction likely allowed the anaerobic host, previously fermenting organic substrates, to produce ATP far more efficiently using the endosymbiont’s aerobic respiration pathways (Roger et al., 2017; Seitz et al., 2019; Spang et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAnaerobic endosymbiont generates energy for ciliate host by denitrification
Graf, J. S., Schorn, S., Kitzinger, K., Ahmerkamp, S., Woehle, C., Hüettel, B., Schubert, C. J., Kuypers, M. M. M., & Milucka, J. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03297-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Timing the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity with ancient duplications
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“(Left) Phylogenetic relationships of major eukaryotic clades as summarized by [1] and [196].”
InfluentialBryant, J. D., Lei, Y., VanPortfliet, J. J., Winters, A. D., & West, A. P. (2022) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.372 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Interaction between Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens and Host Cell Mitochondria
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“They originated from an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium of the genus Rickettsia, which was internalized by the ancestor of all eukaryotes (1).”
BackgroundChallenges Facing CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in Plants
Son, S., & Park, S. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.902413 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ca2+ handling at the mitochondria-ER contact sites in neurodegeneration
Lim, D., Dematteis, G., Tapella, L., Genazzani, A. A., Calí, T., Brini, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2021) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102453 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated transfer of mitochondria: mechanisms and functional impact
Velarde, F., Ezquerra, S., Delbruyere, X., Caicedo, A., Hidalgo, Y., & Khoury, M. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04207-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Interestingly, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation have oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as a main source of ATP, and to a lesser extent chondrogenic differentiation [79, 85, 86].”
BackgroundInfluentialMitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in Cardiometabolic Disease
Lin, J., Duan, J., Wang, Q., Xu, S., Zhou, S., & Yao, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.917135 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Cristae Architecture and Functions: Lessons from Minimal Model Systems
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BackgroundInfluentialConcepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor
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BackgroundConstructive Neutral Evolution 20 Years Later
Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., Bilolikar, G., Wideman, J. G., & Geiler‐Samerotte, K. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-021-09996-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction at the Center of Cancer Therapy
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A robustly rooted tree of eukaryotes reveals their excavate ancestry
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“It possessed mitochondria capable of oxidative phosphorylation 16 and had a defined cell shape crucial to its motility and feeding.”
Self-citationEvolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis
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“The acquisition of mitochondria by early eukaryotes before the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) would have been a key step to exploit new resources within an aerobic environment (1).”
BackgroundOrigin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell
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“L-Lactate Influences Brain Energy Metabolism Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP that supplies eukaryotes with energy to serve their cellular needs (104).”
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“reduced in terms of gene count when compared to other Alphaproteobacteria (α-proteobacteria) [4].”
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“Eukaryotic mitochondria are hypothesized to have originated from an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium which, over expansive evolutionary time, evolved in parallel with host genomes into the mitochondrial organelles that we observe today (Roger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe origin of phagocytosis in Earth history
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“In this sense, PhAT represents both a fusion model [94] and a mitochondria-late model [79], involving a bona fide archaeon autogenously evolving phagocytic abilities prior to the origin of mitochondria.”
BackgroundMitochondrial compartmentalization: emerging themes in structure and function
Iovine, J. C., Claypool, S. M., & Alder, N. N. (2021) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2021.06.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mitochondrial genomes revisited: why do different lineages retain different genes?
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- Authors
- Roger, A. J., Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., & Kamikawa, R.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Roger, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- R1177-R1192
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2767078779
- Semantic Scholar
- 7bb03e08dc50f88f426d6ec3ad173e496c036fb5
- Cited by
- 1,142
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 172 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H05606, 15K14591)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondrial origin, endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, Alphaproteobacteria, Asgard archaea, endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, membrane transporters, eukaryotic evolution, aerobic respiration
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Mitochondria, Symbiosis, Alphaproteobacteria, Protein Transport, Membrane Transport Proteins, Genome, Mitochondrial
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