Alternative Excision Repair Pathways
Open accessAbstract
Alternative excision repair (AER) is a category of excision repair initiated by a single nick, made by an endonuclease, near the site of DNA damage, and followed by excision of the damaged DNA, repair synthesis, and ligation. The ultraviolet (UV) damage endonuclease in fungi and bacteria introduces a nick immediately 5' to various types of UV damage and initiates its excision repair that is independent of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Endo IV-type apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases from Escherichia coli and yeast and human Exo III-type AP endonuclease APEX1 introduce a nick directly and immediately 5' to various types of oxidative base damage besides the AP site, initiating excision repair. Another endonuclease, endonuclease V from bacteria to humans, binds deaminated bases and cleaves the phosphodiester bond located 1 nucleotide 3' of the base, leading to excision repair. A single-strand break in DNA is one of the most frequent types of DNA damage within cells and is repaired efficiently. AER makes use of such repair capability of single-strand breaks, removes DNA damage, and has an important role in complementing BER and NER.
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In some organisms such as bacteria and yeast, additional excision repair besides BER and NER exists.
“In some organisms such as bacteria and yeast additional excision repair (besides base excision repair (BER) and NER) exist.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
The free 3′-hydroxyl group is a substrate for excision repair strand displacement DNA synthesis.
“The free 3′-hydroxyl group is a substrate for excision repair strand displacement DNA synthesis.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
The rad2 gene encodes a structure-specific flap endonuclease involved in processing UV damage into single-strand breaks (SSBs).
“The gene encodes a structure-specific flap endonuclease that is involved in processing of UV damage into single-strand breaks (SSBs).”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
UVDE introduces nicks immediately 5′ to specific types of lesions (CPDs, 6′-4′PP, base damage, and others) and initiates UVDE-mediated excision repair (UVER or UVDR).
“UVDE introduces nicks immediately 5′ to specific type of lesions (CPDs, 6′-4′PP, base damage, and others) and initiates UVDE-mediated excision repair (UVER or UVDR).”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
UVER is rapid and functions properly even in the absence of NER.
“The repair is rapid and functions properly even in the absence of NER.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
UVDE introduces a nick on the 5′ end of photoproducts, leaving a 5′-P-UV lesion and a 3′-OH end.
“UVDE introduces a nick on the 5′ end of the photoproducts, leaving a 5′-P-UV lesion and a 3′-OH end.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
The reaction is carried out by UV damage endonuclease (UVDE).
“The reaction is carried out by an enzyme called UV damage endonuclease (UVDE).”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
Studies in S. pombe revealed the rad2 gene as an important factor for UVDE-mediated repair.
“Studies in S. pombe revealed the rad2 gene as an important factor for UVDE-mediated repair.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
UVER may play a crucial role in repair of photoproducts as it removes CPDs more rapidly than NER, especially on the transcribed strand.
“UVER may play a crucial role in repair of photoproducts as it removes CPDs more rapidly than NER, especially on the transcribed strand.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
6′-4′PP are removed more efficiently than CPDs, suggesting an important role of UVER in damage removal.
“Moreover, 6′-4′PP are removed more efficiently than CPDs suggesting important role of UVER in the damage removal.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
The major disadvantage of UVER is the great number of nicks introduced in the DNA strand that may comprise an obstacle for replication.
“The major disadvantage of UVER is certainly the great number of nicks introduced in the DNA strand that may comprise an obstacle for replication process [85,86,87].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Yasui, A.
- Affiliations
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Yasui, A.
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-05-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- a012617-a012617
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3660826
- OpenAlex
- W2134711735
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24310037)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- DNA repair, single-strand breaks, UV damage, endonuclease IV, AP endonuclease, APEX1, endonuclease V, oxidative DNA damage, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, DNA nicks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Endonucleases, Humans, Models, Biological, Species Specificity, Yeasts, DNA Repair Enzymes, DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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