Cited by 531Fungal Infections and StudiesYeasts and Rust Fungi StudiesBacterial Infections and Vaccines

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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

Open access

Kwon-Chung, K. J., Fraser, J. A., Doering, T. L., Wang, Z. A., Janbon, G., Idnurm, A., Bahn, Y.-S.·2014·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a019760PMC PMC4066639

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Abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two etiologic agents of cryptococcosis.They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.Infection proceeds via inhalation and subsequent dissemination to the central nervous system to cause meningoencephalitis.The most common risk for cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans is AIDS, whereas infections caused by C. gattii are more often reported in immunocompetent patients with undefined risk than in the immunocompromised.There have been many chapters, reviews, and books written on C. neoformans.The topics we focus on in this article include species description, pathogenesis, life cycle, capsule, and stress response, which serve to highlight the specializations in virulence that have occurred in this unique encapsulated melanin-forming yeast that causes global deaths estimated at more than 600,000 annually. HISTORY OF THE ETIOLOGIC AGENTS AND CRYPTOCOCCOSISC ryptococcus neoformans was first isolated from peach juice by Sanfelice in 1894 in Italy and was named Saccharomyces neoformans (Sanfelice 1894).In the same year, Busse provided the first description of a case of cryptococcosis (Busse 1894) and isolated a yeast culture from a sarcoma-like lesion in the infected young woman's tibia.Busse called the fungus Saccharomyces, while naming the disease Sac-

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes the biology, taxonomy, ecology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and virulence determinants of *Cryptococcus neoformans* and *Cryptococcus gattii*, the two agents of cryptococcosis. It emphasizes the three classical virulence traits — polysaccharide capsule, melanin formation, and growth at mammalian body temperature — along with newer work on sensing/signaling and stress-response pathways.

Key findings

Cryptococcosis is acquired by inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or basidiospores (1.5–3.5 µm), which reach the distal airways; in immunocompromised hosts the fungus disseminates hematogenously across the blood–brain barrier to cause meningoencephalitis, which is uniformly fatal if untreated. The global burden is estimated at close to 1 million cases with 700,000 deaths annually (Park et al. 2009); the abstract cites global deaths estimated at more than 600,000 annually.
*C. neoformans* infection is predominantly associated with AIDS and other immunocompromising conditions, whereas *C. gattii* infection occurs more often in immunocompetent patients; pulmonary infection is considerably more common with *C. gattii*, and mouse studies show *C. neoformans*-infected mice die of CNS infection while *C. gattii*-infected mice die of pulmonary infection.
Worldwide, *C. neoformans* molecular type VNI predominates (63% of isolates), followed by VNII/VNIII (6% each) and VNIV (5%); *C. gattii* accounts for <20% of cryptococcosis globally, with VGI most common (9%), then VGII (7%), VGIII (3%), and VGIV (1%) among 2046 isolates.
Azole heteroresistance, caused by reversible disomy of chromosomes containing resistance genes (chromosome 1 always duplicating first, then chromosome 4 and others stepwise), is suggested to be the most common cause of azole treatment failure during suppression therapy in AIDS patients.

Methods

Narrative review article (Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine) synthesizing historical, taxonomic, ecological, epidemiological, and molecular literature on *C. neoformans* and *C. gattii*.
No primary data collection; the paper compiles findings from cited studies, including molecular typing, genome comparisons, animal infection models, and clinical/epidemiological surveys.
Topics covered include species description, pathogenesis, life cycle, capsule, melanin, thermotolerance, degradation enzymes, metal/gas/light sensing, and stress-signaling pathways (HOG, Mpk1, calcineurin, cAMP/PKA, UPR).

Limitations

The paper states that a consensus on how to treat the *C. neoformans*/*C. gattii* species complex taxonomically has yet to be achieved, and that elevating the eight major haploid molecular types to species status is controversial.
The paper notes that understanding of the host response to cryptococci is mostly based on animal data, and that the genetic basis of capsule size regulation has not been elucidated; the glycosyltransferases mediating capsule synthesis are largely uncharacterized.
Evident from the text: several statements rest on single or few cited studies (e.g., the GM-CSF autoantibody finding in immunocompetent *C. gattii* patients), and the review repeatedly flags open questions (e.g., whether light-sensing mutants' virulence defect relates to known traits, whether ROS/RNS events in *C. gattii* occur in *C. neoformans*).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/cshperspect.a019760

Cites

256 of 256 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 178 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

In the paper
“Curtis' strain was later determined to be the first clinical isolate of C. gattii (Kwon-Chung et al. 2002).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 2002
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Seeliger 1956
- Not checked yetcites Staib 1962b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“By the mid-1970s, the complete life cycles of C. neoformans and C. gattii became known when heterothallic sexuality was discovered in both species (Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Distribution of the four major molecular types of C. gattii strains among 2046 cryptococcal isolates from clinical and veterinary sources indicat that the VGI type is most common (9%) followed by VGII (7%), VGIII (3%), and VGIV (1%) in decreasing order (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Genotyping of numerous C. neoformans and C. gattii global strains revealed that each species is composed of at least four major genetically diverse subgroups (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Molecular phylogenetic studies have since shown that C. neoformans and C. gattii cluster with the members of the order Tremellales instead of Filobasidiales (Fonseca et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fonseca et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Strains of C. neoformans molecular type VNI are the predominant etiologic agents of cryptococcosis isolated worldwide (63%) followed by VNII/VNIII (6% each) and VNIV (5%) type (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Subsequent molecular clock analysis has estimated that these species diverged approximately 50 million years ago (Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009a
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 107 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 29
It may state two separate claims as one. 67

In the paper
“Cryptococcal antigenic heterogeneity was confirmed in 1950 by Evans who identified three serotypes: A, B, and C (Evans 1950).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans 1950
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The characteristic neurotropism of C. neoformans was first recognized in 1914 by Verse ´(1914), and 2 years later by Stoddard and Cutler (1916).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verse 1914
- Not checked yetcites Stoddard and Cutler 1916
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A fourth serotype, D, was discovered in 1968 (Wilson et al. 1968).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al. 1968
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Seeliger 1956
- Not checked yetcites Staib 1962b
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the same year, Busse provided the first description of a case of cryptococcosis (Busse 1894) and isolated a yeast culture from a sarcoma-like lesion in the infected young woman's tibia.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Busse 1894
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serologic evidence indicates that cryptococcal infection in humans is prevalent (Goldman et al. 2001) but disease is rare.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldman et al. 2001
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. neoformans contains molecular types VNI-VNIV and VNB with var.grubii VNI, VNII, and VNB strains, estimated to have diverged from the single var.neoformans molecular type VNIV (serotype D) approximately 25 million years ago, and serotype AD (VNIII) strains representing hybrids of the two varieties.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regardless of molecular type, global clinical isolates are almost always mating type a (MATa) except for certain areas in Africa such as Botswana, where MATa can be as common as 10% of strains (Litvintseva et al. 2003).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Litvintseva et al. 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, elevating the eight major haploid molecular types to separate species status is controversial at present and a consensus on how to treat the C. neoformans/C.gattii species complex taxonomically has yet to be achieved among medical mycologists (de Hoog et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Hoog et al. 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“its use has been abandoned as of 2013 and only Cryptococcus is used in accordance with the new fungal nomenclatural rule of one name for one fungus (Hawksworth et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hawksworth et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. gattii molecular types VGI and VGII usually correspond with serotype B, and molecular types VGIII and VGIV with serotype C; these molecular types have been estimated to have diverged over 8.5 -12.5 million years.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2000, C. neoformans var.gattii was elevated to a species, C. gattii (Kwon-Chung et al. 2002) and the taxon C. neoformans was reserved for the varieties neoformans and grubii.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 2002
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The global burden of the disease is estimated to be close to 1 million cases with 700,000 deaths annually (Park et al. 2009).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park et al. 2009
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Like C. neoformans, C. gattii has 14 chromosomes, and although the predicted centromere locations are conserved, the chromosomes have been rearranged by inversions and balanced translocations.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D 'Souza et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These basidiospores can cause infection in a mouse model just as efficiently as vegetative yeast cells, and may play the role of infectious particles (Giles et al. 2009).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Giles et al. 2009
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A majority of the clinical isolates obtained before the birth of azoles had an LHF of 16 mg/mL or lower (Sionov et al. 2009), whereas the LHF of C. gattii was generally higher (Varma and Kwon-Chung 2010).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sionov et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Varma and Kwon-Chung 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Animal studies supported these differences in the primary target organs between the two species; mice infected with C. neoformans succumbed to infection by CNS infection, whereas mice infected with C. gattii died by pulmonary infection (Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2012c).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2012c
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The morphology of the two teleomorphs are even more different: rough-walled oblong to eliptical basidiospores are produced in C. neoformans, whereas the basidiospores produced by C. gattii, as suggested by the original teleomorph designation of F. bacillispora, are in bacillary form with smooth walls (Fig. 3A) (Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the morphology of C. neoformans yeast cells are almost uniformly globose, those of C. gattii are a mixture of globose and oblong to elliptical cells (Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a); this proportion of globose to oblong cells in C. gattii is strain dependent (Fig. 3B -D).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has subsequently been shown that since the divergence of var.grubii and var.neoformans, few genomic rearrangements have occurred in the var.grubii lineage and even more in var.neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sun and Xu 2009
- Not checked yetcites Morrow et al. 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although sometimes used alone, it be-came common in the early 1980s to use this polyene in combination with flucytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine analog (Bennett et al. 1979).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bennett et al. 1979
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Amphotericin B, a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces nodosus, has been the major therapeutic agent for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis since the late 1960s (Sarosi et al. 1969).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sarosi et al. 1969
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a recent report indicates that monokaryotic hyphal production unrelated to unisexual reproduction can be induced by high-temperature arrest of yeast cell cycle in the G 2 stage (Fu et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al. 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More important, the treatment strategy for cryptococcosis may vary depending on the different categories of risk groups: HIV-infected patients, organ transplant recipients, non-HIV-infected, and nontransplant patients.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perfect et al. 2010
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The cryptococcal capsule is anchored by the cell wall, which is composed of glucans, chitin, chitosan, and glycoprotein”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Doering 2009
- Not checked yetcites Gilbert et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation of the cAMP/ PKA pathway, which can be triggered by altered CO 2 levels, low glucose, low nitrogen, or low iron resulting in direct activation of the transcription factor Nrg1, can also result in the regulation of Hog1 and/or Rim101 in response to pH alteration and osmotic stress, respectively”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005b
- Not checked yetcites Cramer et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara et al. 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rim101 also plays a central role in pH response and capsule regulation”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara et al. 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“calcineurin, the highly conserved Ca 2þ / calmodulin-activated serine/threonine-specific phosphatase encoded by CNA1, to be essential for growth at 37 ˚C but not at 24 ˚C.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Odom et al. 1997
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al. 2001
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. neoformans contains two laccase genes, LAC1 and LAC2, in the genome but only LAC1 is expressed significantly under most conditions and virulence is reduced only when the LAC1 gene is deleted”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu and Williamson 2004
- Not checked yetcites Pukkila-Worley et al. 2005
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Melanin is produced by a wide variety of fungal species and the pigment deposited in the cell wall is known to play an important protective role against environmental stress”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nosanchuk and Casadevall 2006
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The lack of these proteins reduces capsule produc-tion and virulence in animal models, except for the enzyme responsible for UDP-galactofuranose synthesis”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heiss et al. 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enzymes required for synthesis of the first four have been biochemically characterized, and genes encoding synthetic machinery for all five have been identified and deleted to assess the impact on cells”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Peled et al. 2001, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Wills et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Moyrand et al. 2002
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the genes that encode the transcription factors Cir1 and HapX are necessary for iron homeostasis and are specifically induced under low iron conditions”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronstad et al. 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As in the case of capsule formation, melanization is regulated by number of different pathways”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2008
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. neoformans senses iron levels, and regulates a suite of genes using the Cir1 transcription factor”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2006
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other factors, such as the siderophore transporter Sit1, are not required for pathogenesis although this may reflect gene redundancy”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tangen et al. 2007
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Effects of iron limitation on C. neoformans have been known since the early 1990s, because one consequence is the enhancement of capsule formation”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vartivarian et al. 1993
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Strains harboring an intact URE1 but disrupted accessory proteins disseminated to the brain at rates similar to the ure1 mutant, which indicates that it is the urease activity and not the Ure1 protein that is a virulence factor in C. neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singh et al. 2013
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although genes for heme biosynthesis and iron uptake are induced by light, the light-sensing mutants do not have phenotypes that indicate any change in these properties”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm and Heitman 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another source of iron for C. neoformans is heme, yet use of this iron source is currently less well established”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cadieux et al. 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MAC1 (CUF1) encodes a copper-response transcription factor that regulates target genes”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ding et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Deletion of CAN2 prevents growth under low CO 2 concen-trations; however, virulence is unaffected presumably because of the high CO 2 concentrations within the host”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005a
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those genes include an adjacent pair of genes for iron oxidation and high-affinity uptake, which are also required for full virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2009
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deletion of either gene reduces the ability of C. neoformans to grow at ,3% oxygen levels, and reduces virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Chun et al. 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, carbonic anhydrases do not affect virulence of Cryptococcus within the host, but may influence its survival on the outer surface (e.g., the skin) of the host and in the natural environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, ROS and RNS defense systems are also important for antifungal drug resistance because itraconazole (but not fluconazole) and amphotericin B induce ROS and RNS production, which causes lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation of lipid membranes (Ferreira et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferreira et al. 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“inhibition of the calcineurin pathway is fungistatic against the highly virulent C. gattii VGIIa strain R265 at 37 ˚C, whereas it is fungicidal against the less virulent C. gattii VGIIb strain R272 and C. neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al. 2013
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparative microarray analysis revealed MPK1 to be more up-regulated in R265 than in R272 and its deletion caused temperature sensitivity, defects in cell wall integrity, and a reduced production of melanin and capsule”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, a key cation transporter, Ena1 (Na þ / ATPase), which plays an essential role in osmotic stress response, survival under alkaline pH conditions and plasma membrane potential, is required for virulence of C. neoformans (Idnurm et al. 2009;Jung et al. 2012).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the trehalose pathway modulates production of melanin and capsule as well as cell wall integrity in C. gattii, but not in C. neoformans.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, Sod1 not only counteracts superoxide anions, but also promotes production of virulence factors such as melanin, urease, and phospholipase”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Narasipura et al. 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accurate identification of the subspecies is not only of taxonomic interest but may be clinically relevant because patients infected by these subspecies could have varying risk factors.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > CONCLUDING REMARKS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.

85 of 85

The paper relies on this without support.
The ability to grow at 37°C is essential for any microbial pathogen to cause invasive disease.
“Although the ability to grow at 37 ˚C is not sufficient by itself to be a mammalian pathogen, it is essential for any microbial pathogen to be able to cause invasive disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Iron can be either limiting or in excess in a host depending on health status.
“Iron can be either limiting or in excess in a host depending on health status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
“O 2 and CO 2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.
“There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.
“Finally, upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO 2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.”

5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Yeasts. A Taxonomic Study
Kurtzman, C. P., & Lodder, J. (1972) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758036 · Cited by 3,441
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Perfect, J. R., Dismukes, W. E., Dromer, F., Goldman, D. L., Graybill, J. R., Hamill, R. J., Harrison, T. S., Larsen, R. A., Lortholary, O., Nguyen, M.-H., et al. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/649858 · Cited by 2,660
Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS
Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N. P., Pappas, P. G., & Chiller, T. M. (2009) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328322ffac · Cited by 2,062
A Comparison of Amphotericin B Alone and Combined with Flucytosine in the Treatment of Cryptoccal Meningitis
Bennett, J. E., Dismukes, W. E., Duma, R. J., Medoff, G., Sande, M. A., Gallis, H. A., Leonard, J. M., Fields, B. T., Bradshaw, M. W., Haywood, H. B., et al. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197907193010303 · Cited by 861
A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada)
Kidd, S. E., Hagen, F., Tscharke, R. L., Huynh, M., Bartlett, K. H., Fyfe, M. W., MacDougall, L., Boekhout, T., Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Meyer, W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402981101 · Cited by 766
Self-citation
The Genome of the Basidiomycetous Yeast and Human Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Loftus, B., Fung, E., Roncaglia, P., Rowley, D., Amedeo, P., Bruno, D., Vamathevan, J. J., Miranda, M., Anderson, I., Fraser, J. A., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103773 · Cited by 694
Self-citation
Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
Ellis, D. H., & Pfeiffer, T. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990 · Cited by 561
Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C)
Kwon-Chung, K. J., Polacheck, I., & Bennett, J. E. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.15.3.535-537.1982 · Cited by 528
Self-citation
Urease as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Cryptococcosis
Cox, G. M., Mukherjee, J., Cole, G. T., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. R. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.2.443-448.2000 · Cited by 522
Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans
Odom, A., Muir, S., Lim, E., Toffaletti, D. L., Perfect, J., & Heitman, J. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576 · Cited by 516

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1 of the 257 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T), pp. 1661-1745. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Hsueh YP, Lin X, Kwon-Chung KJ, Heitman J. 2011b. Sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus. In Cryptococcus: From hu- man pathogen to model yeast (ed. Heitman J, et al.), pp. 81-96. ASM, Washington, DC.
Mitchell TG, Castaneda E, Niersen K, Wanke BMSL. 2011. Environmental niches for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. In Cryptococcus: From human patho- gen to model yeast (ed. Heitman J, et al.), pp. 237-259.
Perfect JR. 2010. Cryptococcus neoformans In Principles and practice of infectious diseases (ed. Mandell GL, et al.), pp. 3287-3303. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia.
C. neoformans and C. gattii in Cryptococcosis Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014;4:a019760 2014; doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019760 Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 529

Models for Inducing Experimental Cryptococcosis in Mice
Castro-Lopez, N., & Wormley, F. L. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3722-7_3 · Cited by 1
Cytological and histopathological lesions consistent with cutaneous nasal cryptococcosis in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Moraes, M. A., de Moraes, R. S., de Moura, F. B. C., Benevenuto, L. G. D., Onuma, T., Leite, N. C., & Cagnini, D. Q. (2025) · Revue Vétérinaire Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.anicom.2025.05.001 · Cited by 1
Development of a multiplex-PCR assay for differentiation of Cryptococcus species using the PRP8 gene region
de Vasconcelos, A. B., de França, D. A., do Prado, A. C., Yamauchi, D. H., Garces, H. G., Oliveira, A. L., Carnaúba, R. T. M. D. S., dos Santos, C. B. T., Lucheis, S. B., & Bosco, S. D. M. G. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-025-01772-0 · Cited by 1
Hybrid genome sequence of Cryptococcus neoformans of Indian origin and comparative genome analysis
Sathiyamoorthy, J., & Ramakrishnan, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25672-3 · Cited by 1
Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis Complicated by Subdural Empyema in an 8-Year-Old Girl With Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease Syndrome: A Rare Sequela
Pangonis, S. F., Dugan, M. C., Hogan, M. B., & Patrizi, S. T. (2017) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/pix069 · Cited by 1
Host Response to Pulmonary Fungal Infections: a Highlight on Cell-Driven Immunity to Cryptococcus Species and Aspergillus fumigatus
Dutta, O., Masso-Silva, J. A., Wang, K., & Rivera, A. (2017) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-017-0111-4 · Cited by 2
Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii Complex Maintained in Yeast Culture Collection in São Paulo, Brazil
Cardoso, P. H. M., da Silva, B. C. M., dos Santos, J. I., dos Santos, R. L. O., Júnior, D. P. L., Auler, M. E., Ruiz, L. D. S., Silva, E. G., Moreira, D., Domaneschi, C., et al. (2018) · Open Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.4236/ojepi.2018.82007 · Cited by 1
Crecimiento del complejo Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii en extractos de excretas de palomas
Caicedo-Bejarano, L. D., & Álvarez, M. I. (2019) · ENTRAMADO · doi:10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.1.6087 · Cited by 1
[Early ventricle-atrium shunts for treating cryptococcal meningitis in children].
Guang, S., He, F., Wu, L., Yin, F., & Peng, J. (2018) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.10.014 · Cited by 1
ATS Core Curriculum 2020. Adult Pulmonary Medicine
Channick, C. L., Garrison, G. W., Huie, T. J., Narewski, E., Caplan‐Shaw, C., Cho, J., Rafeq, S., Alalawi, R. H., Alashram, R., Bailey, K. L., et al. (2020) · ATS Scholar · doi:10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0016re · Cited by 1
Fungal Infection: The Hidden Enemy?
Oves, M., Rauf, M. A., Husain, F. M., Zubair, M., Ismail, I. M. I., & Iyer, A. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7639-3_10 · Cited by 1
The Rise of Fungi: Evidence on the Global Scale. Old Known Silences or Mysterious Threats to the Planet
Júnior, D. P. L., da Costa, G. L., Dantas, E. S. D. O., Nascimento, D. C., Moreira, D., Pereira, R. S., Ramos, R. T. B., Bonci, M. M., Maia, M. L. D. S., Gandra, R. F., et al. (2020) · Microbiology Research Journal International · doi:10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i1030272 · Cited by 1
Emergence of Cryptococcus spp. in Donkeys in Egypt: A Potential Public Health Concern
Mohamed, R., Nader, S. M., Hamza, D. A., & Sabry, M. A. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20201210211243 · Cited by 1
Kriptokokkoz için risk faktörü olarak XXXXXX şehir merkezinde Cryptococcus neoformans kolonizasyonunun ilk izolasyonu.
Peker, M. T., & Ergin, Ç. (2021) · Pamukkale Medical Journal · doi:10.31362/patd.873972 · Cited by 1
Isolation and identification of cryptococcus neoformans from local cats in Baghdad province
Al-Bakir, S. S. H. A., & Abdalshaheed, D. A. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns4.9279 · Cited by 1
Involvement of the Noncanonical Polyadenylation Polymerase Cid14 in Fungal Azole Resistance in the Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Li, C., Zhen, S., Ma, X., Ma, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, P., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/ftac036 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Severe lobar pulmonary cryptococcosis with a fatal outcome in a clinically normal Allen's swamp monkey ( Allenopithecus nigroviridis )
Batek, C., Garner, M. M., Drees, R., & Sim, R. R. (2023) · Veterinary Record Case Reports · doi:10.1002/vrc2.598 · Cited by 1
Human health impacts
Yamamoto, N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824411-1.00004-1 · Cited by 1
Cryptococcus gattii Can Use the Cactus Pilosocereus spp. to Grow and Develop a Capsule and Produce Melanin In Vitro
Ramos-Irizarry, P., Sánchez, B., & Loperena-Álvarez, Y. (2023) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres14020056 · Cited by 1
Genotyping Analysis of Cryptococcus deuterogattii and Correlation with Virulence Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the European Committee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Methods
Andrade-Silva, L. E., Vilas-Boas, A., Paim, K. F., Andrade-Silva, J., Santos, D. A., Ferreira, T. B., Borges, A. S., Mora, D. J., Melhem, M. D. S. C., & Silva-Vergara, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9090889 · Cited by 1
Stirring Up Trouble? Forest Disturbance and the Spread of a Fungal Disease
Osuolale, O. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp13649 · Cited by 1
Criptococose abdominal efusiva grave em felino doméstico: Relato de caso
Oliveira, P. H. S., de Lima, L. B. D., Silva, G. M. D. L., Moron, S. E., & de Córdova, F. M. (2023) · PubVet · doi:10.31533/pubvet.v17n12e1488 · Cited by 1
Neurocriptococose complicada em paciente imunocompetente: a importância da investigação de neuroinfecção diante da cefaléia crônica
Frech, M. D. A. M., Sánchez, T. E. G., & Leite, J. G. G. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n1-265 · Cited by 1
Cryptococcus neoformans evades pulmonary immunity by modulating xylose precursor transportPreprint
Li, L. X., Hole, C. R., Rangel‐Moreno, J., Khader, S. A., & Doering, T. L. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/741017 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Fungal Cardiac Infections
Liu, S., & Nosanchuk, J. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21020-0 · Cited by 1
Infections by Cryptococcus species
Rossi, S. A., & Zaragoza, Ó. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819990-9.00008-1 · Cited by 2
The Cryptococcus extracellular vesicle transcriptomePreprint
Taheraly, A., Maufrais, C., Moyrand, F., Colin, J., Coppée, J., & Janbon, G. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570810 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Cryptococcosis of the Central Nervous System
Siddaiah, N., Perumal, K., & Lahiri, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6445-1_13 · Cited by 1
Deep Mycotic Infections
Dowd, F. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60908-0
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Authors: Kwon-Chung, K. J., Fraser, J. A., Doering, T. L., Wang, Z. A., Janbon, G., Idnurm, A., & Bahn, Y.-S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Institut Pasteur (FR)
University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
Yonsei University (KR)
ORCID: Kwon-Chung, K. J.
Fraser, J. A.
Doering, T. L.
Janbon, G.
Idnurm, A.
Bahn, Y.-S.
Venue: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2014-07-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 7
Pages: a019760-a019760
ISSN: 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019760
PMC: PMC4066639
OpenAlex: W2160571905
Semantic Scholar: b424d63f850032f2753f4a64cb25fe91c4fe102b
Cited by: 531
References: 257
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 4
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Research Foundation (109623)
National Research Foundation of Korea
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Public Health Service (87794, 102882, 78795, 109623)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI087794, R01AI102882, R21AI109623, R01AI078795)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcosis, fungal pathogenesis, virulence factors, polysaccharide capsule, melanin, urease activity, meningoencephalitis, AIDS, immunocompetent patient, life cycle, stress response
MeSH terms: Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Enzymes, Genotype, Humans, Life Cycle Stages, Melanins, Terminology as Topic, Phenotype, Stress, Physiological, Signal Transduction, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal, Virulence Factors, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cryptococcus gattii, Fungal Capsules

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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

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