Cytokines in Cancer Immunotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Cytokines that control the immune response were shown to have efficacy in preclinical murine cancer models. Interferon (IFN)-α is approved for treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and interleukin (IL)-2 for the treatment of advanced melanoma and metastatic renal cancer. In addition, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been evaluated in clinical trials. However, the cytokines as monotherapy have not fulfilled their early promise because cytokines administered parenterally do not achieve sufficient concentrations in the tumor, are often associated with severe toxicities, and induce humoral or cellular checkpoints. To circumvent these impediments, cytokines are being investigated clinically in combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of these antibodies, antibody cytokine fusion proteins, and anti-CD40 to facilitate tumor-specific immune responses.
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Some cytokines including GM-CSF, IFN-α, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-21 have antitumor activity via stimulating immunity, inhibiting proliferation, or inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
“Some cytokines including GM-CSF, IFN-α, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-21 have antitumor activity via stimulating immunity, inhibiting proliferation, or inducing apoptosis in cancer cells [318].”
From Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions (2022) · cites this paper as [318]
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- Authors
- Waldmann, T. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waldmann, Thomas A.
- ORCID
- Waldmann, Thomas A.
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2017-11-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- a028472
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6280701
- OpenAlex
- W2766958390
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 11
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- cytokines, cancer immunotherapy, interferon-alpha, interleukin-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, GM-CSF, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, anti-CD40 antibody, tumor immunology, cytokine toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Biological Factors, Humans, Neoplasms, Cytokines
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