The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone development, and impeded adipogenesis in mice lacking Akt1 and Akt2
Open accessAbstract
To elucidate the functions of the serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB in vivo, we generated mice lacking both akt1 and akt2 genes. Akt1/Akt2 double-knockout (DKO) mice exhibit severe growth deficiency and die shortly after birth. These mice display impaired skin development because of a proliferation defect, severe skeletal muscle atrophy because of a marked decrease in individual muscle cell size, and impaired bone development. These defects are strikingly similar to the phenotypes of IGF-1 receptor-deficient mice and suggest that Akt may serve as the most critical downstream effector of the IGF-1 receptor during development. In addition, Akt1/Akt2 DKO mice display impeded adipogenesis. Specifically, Akt1 and Akt2 are required for the induced expression of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis, establishing a new essential role for Akt in adipocyte differentiation. Overall, the combined deletion of Akt1 and Akt2 establishes in vivo roles for Akt in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. These functions of Akt were uncovered despite the observed lower level of Akt activity mediated by Akt3 in Akt1/Akt2 DKO cells, suggesting that a critical threshold level of Akt activity is required to maintain normal cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cellular survival: a play in three Akts
Datta, S. R., Brunet, A., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.22.2905 · Cited by 4,216
TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling
Inoki, K., Li, Y., Zhu, T., Wu, J., & Guan, K.-L. (2002) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb839 · Cited by 3,083
Bodine, S. C., Stitt, T. N., Gonzalez, M., Kline, W. O., Stover, G. L., Bauerlein, R., Zlotchenko, E., Scrimgeour, A., Lawrence, J. C., Glass, D. J., et al. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1101-1014 · Cited by 2,752
Rommel, C., Bodine, S. C., Clarke, B. A., Rossman, R., Nunez, L., Stitt, T. N., Yancopoulos, G. D., & Glass, D. J. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1101-1009 · Cited by 1,583
Regulation of translation initiation by FRAP/mTOR
Gingras, A.-C., Raught, B., & Sonenberg, N. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.887201 · Cited by 1,545
Gottlob, K., Majewski, N., Kennedy, S., Kandel, E., Robey, R. B., & Hay, N. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.889901 · Cited by 961
Self-citationGarofalo, R. S., Orena, S. J., Rafidi, K., Torchia, A. J., Stock, J. L., Hildebrandt, A. L., Coskran, T., Black, S. C., Brees, D. J., Wicks, J. R., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci16885 · Cited by 726
Self-citationRibosomal S6 Kinase Signaling and the Control of Translation
Dufner, A., & Thomas, G. (1999) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1999.4683 · Cited by 676 · cited 1×
“The ability of mTOR to regulate cell size may be dependent on its downstream effectors, the 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1) and p70S6 kinase (S6K1), that regulate protein synthesis (Dufner and Thomas 1999; Gingras et al. 2001).”
BackgroundFinch, C. E., & Ruvkun, G. (2001) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.435 · Cited by 446
Cited by
Upstream and downstream of mTOR
Hay, N., & Sonenberg, N. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1212704 · Cited by 4,181
Self-citationSandri, M., Sandri, C., Gilbert, A., Skurk, C., Calabria, E., Picard, A., Walsh, K., Schiaffino, S., Lecker, S. H., & Goldberg, A. L. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00400-3 · Cited by 3,012
Day, T. F., Guo, X., Garrett-Beal, L., & Yang, Y. (2005) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.03.016 · Cited by 1,616
SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth
Porstmann, T., Santos, C. R., Griffiths, B., Cully, M., Wu, M., Leevers, S., Griffiths, J. R., Chung, Y.-L., & Schulze, A. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.007 · Cited by 1,413
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy
Bonaldo, P., & Sandri, M. (2013) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.010389 · Cited by 1,284
Metadata
- Authors
- Peng, X.-D., Xu, P.-Z., Chen, M.-L., Hahn-Windgassen, A., Skeen, J., Jacobs, J., Sundararajan, D., Chen, W. S., Crawford, S. E., Coleman, K. G., & Hay, N.
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2003-06-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1352-1365
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- OpenAlex
- W2137563421
- Cited by
- 826
- References
- 9
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone development, and impeded adipogenesis in mice lacking Akt1 and Akt2. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1101/gad.1089403
- The paper
- Peng, X.-D., Xu, P.-Z., Chen, M.-L., Hahn-Windgassen, A., Skeen, J., Jacobs, J., Sundararajan, D., Chen, W. S., Crawford, S. E., Coleman, K. G., & Hay, N. (2003). Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone development, and impeded adipogenesis in mice lacking Akt1 and Akt2. Genes & Development. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1089403
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
