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Sleep after learning aids memory recall
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the effect of sleep on memory consolidation has received considerable attention. In humans, these studies concentrated mainly on procedural types of memory, which are considered to be hippocampus-independent. Here, we show that sleep also has a persisting effect on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory. In two experiments, we examined high school students’ ability to remember vocabulary. We show that declarative memory is enhanced when sleep follows within a few hours of learning, independent of time of day, and with equal amounts of interference during retention intervals. Sleep deprivation has a detrimental effect on memory, which was significant after a night of recovery sleep. Thus, fatigue accumulating during wake intervals could be ruled out as a confound.
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“Whereas the older studies from the 1970s and before typically confound the sleep manipulation with time-of-day effects or fatigue, this is no longer the case in the recent studies, so that there is now very strong evidence that sleep does indeed have an effect on memory independent of the effects of, say, rest or lack of interference.”
From Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve (2015) · cites this paper as [54]
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“demonstrating that retention is better if followed by sleep rather than wakefulness.7,18”
From Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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“For example, sleep occurring within 3 h after learning vocabulary was more beneficial than sleep delayed by more than 10 h (431).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [431]
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“A time dependency of the effects of sleep on memory formation is indicated by studies showing stronger effects for sleep occurring shortly after learning than for sleep at a later time (80,343,431,899,1172).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [431]
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BaHammam, A. S., Manzar, M. D., Mohammed, S., Peter, S., Maru, T. T., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & Moscovitch, A. (2017) · Annals of Thoracic Medicine · doi:10.4103/atm.atm_24_17 · Cited by 19
Sleep in the completely locked-in state (CLIS) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Malekshahi, A., Chaudhary, U., Jaramillo-Gonzalez, A., Luna, A. L., Rana, A., Tonin, A., Birbaumer, N., & Gais, S. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz185 · Cited by 19
Self-citationOffline Improvement in Learning to Read a Novel Orthography Depends on Direct Letter Instruction
Bitan, T., & Booth, J. R. (2012) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01234.x · Cited by 22
Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories
Ashton, J. E., Staresina, B. P., & Cairney, S. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269439 · Cited by 18
Time, Not Sleep, Unbinds Contexts from Item Memory
Cox, R., Tijdens, R. R., Meeter, M., Sweegers, C. C. G., & Talamini, L. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088307 · Cited by 22
Feng, L., Gao, J., Wang, Y., Cheong, Y., Ren, G., & Yang, Z. R. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.022 · Cited by 18
Franco, P., Guyon, A., Stagnara, C., Flori, S., Bat‐Pitault, F., Lin, J., Patural, H., & Plancoulaine, S. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.11.026 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Gais, S., Lucas, B., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-262
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC10807868
- OpenAlex
- W2141490089
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep, memory consolidation, declarative memory, hippocampal-dependent memory, sleep deprivation, vocabulary acquisition, memory retrieval, retention interval, interference, recovery sleep, fatigue
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Time Factors, Verbal Learning, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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