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Sleep after learning aids memory recall
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the effect of sleep on memory consolidation has received considerable attention. In humans, these studies concentrated mainly on procedural types of memory, which are considered to be hippocampus-independent. Here, we show that sleep also has a persisting effect on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory. In two experiments, we examined high school students’ ability to remember vocabulary. We show that declarative memory is enhanced when sleep follows within a few hours of learning, independent of time of day, and with equal amounts of interference during retention intervals. Sleep deprivation has a detrimental effect on memory, which was significant after a night of recovery sleep. Thus, fatigue accumulating during wake intervals could be ruled out as a confound.
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“Whereas the older studies from the 1970s and before typically confound the sleep manipulation with time-of-day effects or fatigue, this is no longer the case in the recent studies, so that there is now very strong evidence that sleep does indeed have an effect on memory independent of the effects of, say, rest or lack of interference.”
From Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve (2015) · cites this paper as [54]
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“demonstrating that retention is better if followed by sleep rather than wakefulness.7,18”
From Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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“For example, sleep occurring within 3 h after learning vocabulary was more beneficial than sleep delayed by more than 10 h (431).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [431]
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“A time dependency of the effects of sleep on memory formation is indicated by studies showing stronger effects for sleep occurring shortly after learning than for sleep at a later time (80,343,431,899,1172).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [431]
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gais, S., Lucas, B., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-262
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC10807868
- OpenAlex
- W2141490089
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep, memory consolidation, declarative memory, hippocampal-dependent memory, sleep deprivation, vocabulary acquisition, memory retrieval, retention interval, interference, recovery sleep, fatigue
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Time Factors, Verbal Learning, Wakefulness
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