Impact of turbulence on high-precision ground-satellite frequency transfer with two-way coherent optical links
Abstract
Bidirectional ground-satellite laser links suffer from turbulence-induced scintillation and phase distortion. We study the impact of turbulence on coherent detection and the related phase noise that restricts time and frequency transfer precision. We evaluate the capacity to obtain a two-way cancellation of atmospheric effects despite the asymmetry between up- and downlink that limits the link reciprocity. For ground-satellite links, the asymmetry is induced by point-ahead angle and possibly the use, for the ground terminal, of different transceiver diameters, in reception and emission. The quantitative analysis is obtained thanks to refined end-to-end simulations under realistic turbulence and wind conditions as well as satellite kinematics. These temporally resolved simulations allow characterizing the coherent detection in terms of time series of heterodyne efficiency and phase noise for different system parameters. We show that tip-tilt correction on ground is mandatory at reception for the downlink and as a pre-compensation of the uplink. Besides, thanks to the large tilt angular correlation, the correction is shown to be efficient on uplink despite the point-ahead angle. Very good two-way compensation of turbulent effects is obtained even with the asymmetries. The two-way differential phase noise is reduced to $1{\mathrm{rad}}^{2}$, with the best fractional frequency stability below $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ after 1-s averaging time.
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It is not clear yet if phase coherent free space optical links will be able to be as good as optical fibre techniques, mainly because of atmospheric turbulence.
“It is not clear yet if these techniques will be able to be as good as optical fibre techniques, mainly because of the effect of atmospheric turbulence [114, 115, 116].”
From Chronometric Geodesy: Methods and Applications (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
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Self-citationRobert, C., Conan, J., & Wolf, P. (2016) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012039 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGraph-based model for adaptive simulation of beam propagation in turbulent media
Belmonte, A. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.488182 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Free space optical link to a tethered balloon for frequency transfer and chronometric geodesy
Maron, N. G. J., Fernandez, S., Esnault, F.-X., Lévèque, T., Muzeau, T., & Wolf, P. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.511244 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationDemonstration of Adaptive Optical Pre-Compensation in Horizontal Tests
Brady, A., Eberhardt, R., Tünnermann, A., & Reinlein, C. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS) · doi:10.1109/icsos45490.2019.8978973 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Next Generation Clock Networks
Wolf, P. (2016) · Physics · doi:10.1103/physics.9.51 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBrady, A., Leonhard, N., Rößler, C., Gier, M., Böttner, P., & Reinlein, C. (2019) · International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO) · doi:10.1117/12.2535969 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Plug-and-play solution for characterizing two-way optical frequency transfer over free-space
Ji, J., Mukherjee, S., Kühl, A., Koke, S., Leipe, M., Rothe, M., Steinlechner, F., & Kronjäger, J. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.557708 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hou, D., Zhang, P., Guo, G., & Liu, K. (2025) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.576216 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Geršl, J. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345994 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comparison of Rayleigh and sodium laser guide stars for improved ground-to-GEO communication
Lognoné, P., Wizinowich, P. L., & Reeves, A. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.580167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Viewpoint: Next Generation Clock Networks
Wolf, P. (2016) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationConan, J., Robert, C., Védrenne, N., Velluet, M.-T., Wolf, P., & Michau, V. (2016) · Imaging and Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/aoms.2016.aoth1c.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimisation of the pre-compensation phase for GEO-feeder optical uplinks
Lognoné, P., Conan, J., Othman, G. R.-B., Paillier, L., & Védrenne, N. (2023) · Free-space laser communication technologies. Conference · doi:10.1117/12.2648898 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMonitoring the atmospheric turbulence profile with high vertical resolution with the PML instrument
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Ultra-wideband free-space optical phase stabilisationPreprint
Dix-Matthews, B. P., Gozzard, D. R., Karpathakis, S., Gravestock, C., & Schediwy, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.03745 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Self-citation
Portable Atmospheric Frequency Transfer over Outdoor Free-space Link with Compact Diode Laser
Tian, J., Ji, Z., & Hou, D. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT) · doi:10.1109/icct50939.2020.9295691
Free-Space Optical Frequency Transfer Based on Moveable Platform
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Robust free-space optical frequency transfer in time-varying link distances conditions
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Montmerle-Bonnefois, A., Petit, C., Lognoné, P., Vène, T., Quatresooz, F., Robert, K., Henrion, J., Maulion, G., Lai-Tim, Y., Vincent‐Randonnier, A., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS) · doi:10.1109/icsos66026.2025.11443190
Self-citationLognoné, P., Wizinowich, P. L., & Reeves, A. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.601407
- Authors
- Robert, C., Conan, J.-M., & Wolf, P.
- Affiliations
- Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales (FR)
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2016-03-31
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 2469-9926
- 2469-9934
- OpenAlex
- W2315814114
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
- European Space Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optical Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
- Keywords
- atmospheric turbulence, frequency transfer, coherent detection, phase noise, tip-tilt correction, heterodyne detection, fractional frequency stability, wind conditions, satellite kinematics
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