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Quantum limits on noise in linear amplifiers
Abstract
How much noise does quantum mechanics require a linear amplifier to add to a signal it processes? An analysis of narrow-band amplifiers (single-mode input and output) yields a fundamental theorem for phase-insensitive linear amplifiers; it requires such an amplifier, in the limit of high gain, to add noise which, referred to the input, is at least as large as the half-quantum of zero-point fluctuations. For phase-sensitive linear amplifiers, which can respond differently to the two quadrature phases ("$cos\ensuremath{\omega}t$" and "$sin\ensuremath{\omega}t$"), the single-mode analysis yields an amplifier uncertainty principle---a lower limit on the product of the noises added to the two phases. A multimode treatment of linear amplifiers generalizes the single-mode analysis to amplifiers with nonzero bandwidth. The results for phase-insensitive amplifiers remain the same, but for phase-sensitive amplifiers there emerge bandwidth-dependent corrections to the single-mode results. Specifically, there is a bandwidth-dependent lower limit on the noise carried by one quadrature phase of a signal and a corresponding lower limit on the noise a high-gain linear amplifier must add to one quadrature phase. Particular attention is focused on developing a multimode description of signals with unequal noise in the two quadrature phases.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Caves, C. M.
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1982-10-15
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1817-1839
- ISSN
- 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2170839177
- Cited by
- 1,718
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 21.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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