The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Experimental Violation of Local Realism by Four-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement
Open accessAbstract
We report the first experimental violation of local realism by four-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entanglement. In the experiment, the nonstatistical GHZ conflicts between quantum mechanics and local realism are confirmed, within the experimental accuracy, by four specific measurements of polarization correlations between four photons. In addition, our experimental results also demonstrate a strong violation of Mermin-Ardehali-Belinskii-Klyshko inequality by 76 standard deviations. Such a violation can only be attributed to genuine four-photon entanglement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654
A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics
Knill, E., Laflamme, R., & Milburn, G. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35051009 · Cited by 5,880
Bell’s theorem without inequalities
Greenberger, D. M., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., & Zeilinger, A. (1990) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.16243 · Cited by 2,404
Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe
(1989) · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0849-4 · Cited by 1,632
Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states
Mermin, N. D. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.1838 · Cited by 1,482
Experimental test of quantum nonlocality in three-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger entanglement
Pan, J.-W., Bouwmeester, D., Daniell, M., Weinfurter, H., & Zeilinger, A. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000514 · Cited by 1,209
Self-citationObservation of Three-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement
Bouwmeester, D., Pan, J.-W., Daniell, M., Weinfurter, H., & Zeilinger, A. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.1345 · Cited by 1,061
Self-citationBell inequality, Bell states and maximally entangled states for n qubits
Gisin, N., & Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H. (1998) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(98)00516-7 · Cited by 270
Experimental Observation of Four-Photon Entanglement from Parametric Down-Conversion
Eibl, M., Gaertner, S., Bourennane, M., Kurtsiefer, C., Żukowski, M., & Weinfurter, H. (2003) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.90.200403 · Cited by 181
Self-citation
Cited by
Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., & Wehner, S. (2014) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.86.419 · Cited by 2,688
Gühne, O., & Tóth, G. (2009) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.004 · Cited by 2,401
Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry
Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., & Żukowski, M. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.777 · Cited by 1,410
“The realization of a high intensity source of fourphoton GHZ entanglement (Pan et al., 2001a, see also a related experiment by Eibl et al., 2003), allowed Zhao et al. (2003a) to report the first four-photon GHZ-type laboratory falsification of local realism.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationQuantum metrology from a quantum information science perspective
Tóth, G., & Apellaniz, I. (2014) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/47/42/424006 · Cited by 862
Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state
Mitchell, M. W., Lundeen, J. S., & Steinberg, A. M. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02493 · Cited by 830
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhao, Z., Yang, T., Chen, Y.-A., Zhang, A.-N., Żukowski, M., & Pan, J.-W.
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2003-10-28
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 180401-180401
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2964108455
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Experimental Violation of Local Realism by Four-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1103/physrevlett.91.180401
- The paper
- Zhao, Z., Yang, T., Chen, Y.-A., Zhang, A.-N., Żukowski, M., & Pan, J.-W. (2003). Experimental Violation of Local Realism by Four-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement. Physical Review Letters. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.91.180401
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
