Impacts of CO2 Enrichment on Productivity and Light Requirements of Eelgrass
Open accessAbstract
Seagrasses, although well adapted for submerged existence, are CO2-limited and photosynthetically inefficient in seawater. This leads to high light requirements for growth and survival and makes seagrasses vulnerable to light limitation. We explored the long-term impact of increased CO2 availability on light requirements, productivity, and C allocation in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). Enrichment of seawater CO2 increased photosynthesis 3-fold, but had no long-term impact on respiration. By tripling the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, CO2 enrichment reduced the daily period of irradiance-saturated photosynthesis (Hsat) that is required for the maintenance of positive whole-plant C balance from 7 to 2.7 h, allowing plants maintained under 4 h of Hsat to perform like plants growing in unenriched seawater with 12 h of Hsat. Eelgrass grown under 4 h of Hsat without added CO2 consumed internal C reserves as photosynthesis rates and chlorophyll levels dropped. Growth ceased after 30 d. Leaf photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll, and sucrose-phosphate synthase activity of CO2-enriched plants showed no acclimation to prolonged enrichment. Thus, the CO2-stimulated improvement in photosynthesis reduced light requirements in the long term, suggesting that globally increasing CO2 may enhance seagrass survival in eutrophic coastal waters, where populations have been devastated by algal proliferation and reduced water-column light transparency.
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Increased DIC exposure increases photosynthesis and growth in tropical and temperate seagrass species.
“An increase in photosynthesis and growth following exposure to increased DIC in both tropical and temperate species was previously demonstrated [16–22].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
The Abstract and Prolonged Response to CO₂ Enrichment (page unavailable) report increased photosynthesis in eelgrass and sustained growth under CO₂ enrichment when light was limited. The Discussion also describes photosynthetic responses in other seagrasses, including turtlegrass, but the paper does not demonstrate increased growth in tropical species; its growth finding is specific to light-limited eelgrass. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElevated DIC increased photosynthetic efficiency and reduced light requirements of seagrasses.
“On the other hand, elevated DIC (with CO2 as substrate) increased photosynthetic efficiency and reduced light requirements of seagrasses [19, 22].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
The Abstract reports that CO₂ enrichment tripled photosynthesis and reduced the light needed to maintain a positive carbon balance in eelgrass. The Discussion also describes responses to dissolved inorganic carbon enrichment in other seagrasses, but this paper’s long-term light-requirement result was measured in eelgrass, not seagrasses generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredShort-term DIC enrichment allowed C. serrulata at 35 and 100 μmol m-2 s-1 to grow as fast as plants without DIC enrichment at 100 and 380 μmol m-2 s-1 respectively, so DIC enrichment somewhat compensated for lower light availability.
“Further, short term exposure to DIC enrichment meant that plants growing at 35 and 100 μmol m-2 s-1 were able to grow as fast as plants without DIC enrichment at 100 and 380 μmol m-2 s-1 respectively, such that DIC enrichment somewhat compensated for lower light availability [19].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
The Prolonged Response to CO₂ Enrichment section reports similar growth rates for CO₂-enriched eelgrass receiving less daily light and unenriched eelgrass receiving more light. But the study used eelgrass over 45 days, not short-term DIC enrichment of C. serrulata, and it does not establish the claimed comparisons at 35, 100, and 380 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhotosynthetic rates of seagrasses have been shown to respond positively to increased CO2 concentrations.
“as well as the highly successful and ecologically important seagrasses (Zimmerman et al. 1997, Invers et al. 2001, Jiang et al. 2010, Campbell & Fourqurean 2013), have been shown to respond positively to increased CO 2 concentrations.”
From Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina (2017) · cites this paper as Zimmerman et al. 1997
The interaction of light and DIC availability on seagrass photosynthesis has only been explored in a few studies.
“So far, the interaction of light and DIC availability on seagrass photosynthesis has only been explored in a few studies [16, 19, 34–36].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Increases in Pmax in response to CO2 enrichment have also been observed in Z. marina and Z. noltii.
“Increases in Pmax in response to CO2 enrichment have also been observed in Z. marina [19] and Z. noltii [18].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Both DIC enrichment and light availability had been known to stimulate productivity and growth in seagrasses.
“Both DIC enrichment and light availability had been known to stimulate productivity and growth in seagrasses [17, 19, 22, 54].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Under CO2 enrichment, Zostera marina tripled the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (i.e. Pmax) to reduce the daily photoperiod required for a positive carbon balance.
“Under CO2 enrichment, Zostera marina tripled the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (i.e. Pmax) to reduce the daily photoperiod required for a positive carbon balance [19].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
That logarithmic response matched model predictions derived from meta-analysis.
“that was fundamentally consistent with model predictions based on meta- (Zimmerman et al. 1995, 1997, Palacios & Zimmerman 2007)”
From Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina (2017) · cites this paper as Zimmerman et al. 1997
The Results section reports eelgrass photosynthesis under normal and CO₂-enriched seawater, and the methods describe fitting an exponential function to photosynthesis-versus-irradiance data. Our copy does not address a logarithmic response matching model predictions derived from meta-analysis (searched: logarithmic response, model predictions, meta-analysis). (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Present Day Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in the Coastal Ocean and Possible Feedbacks Under Global Change
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zimmerman, R. C., Kohrs, D. G., Steller, D. L., & Alberte, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Plant Physiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-10-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 599-607
- ISSN
- 0032-0889 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2548
- PMC
- PMC158520
- OpenAlex
- W1781915299
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9223265)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal plant biology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant responses to elevated CO2
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- Zostera marina, light limitation, photosynthesis, respiration, carbon allocation, carbon balance, light-saturated photosynthesis, chlorophyll, sucrose phosphate synthase, acclimation, eutrophic coastal waters
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