Participation in the global knowledge commons: Challenges and opportunities for research dissemination in developing countries

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Formal evaluation of HINARI has not been conducted and one will start at the end of 2005.

“Formal evaluation of HINARI has not been conducted and one will start at the end of 2005 (Katikireddi 2004).”

• cites Katikireddi 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Access to HINARI may stimulate local improvement in infrastructure and may lead to digital library development in the longer term.

“Thus access to HINARI may stimulate local improvement in infrastructure and may also lead to digital library development in the longer term.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

eIFL is a program not only concerned with information access but with building local library capacity to manage increasingly complex demand of digital library as well as the development of skills in licensing negotiation with publishers.

“So eIFL is a program not only concerned with information access but with building local library capacity to manage increasingly complex demand of digital library as well as the development of skills in licensing negotiation with publishers.”

May combine two claims.

Researchers in eight countries, led by the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, produce almost 85 percent of the world's most cited publications, while another 163 countries, mostly developing countries, account for less than 2.5 percent.

“In a recent study of the comparative performance of the world's major science producing countries, King (King 2004) found that researchers in eight countries -led by the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japanproduce almost 85 percent of the world's most cited publications, while another 163 countries, mostly developing countries, account for less than 2.5 percent.”

• cites King 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

As long as the asymmetry in research output and access to up-to-date information remains, research scientists in the developing world will remain isolated and their research will continue to have little impact.

“As long as this asymmetry in research output and access to up-to-date information remains, research scientists in the developing world will remain isolated and their research will continue to have little impact.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not clear at present how beneficial AGORA will become due to the recent nature of the program and the long-term nature of possible impact.

“Again, due to the recent nature of the program and the long-term nature of possible impact, it is not clear at present how beneficial the program will become.”

May combine two claims.

Of countries with a GNP between USD $1-3000, 34% have had no subscriptions and a further 34% have an average of 2 subscriptions per year.

“of countries with a GNP between USD $1 -3000, 34% have had no subscriptions and a further 34% have an average of 2 subscriptions per year (Aronson 2003).”

• cites Aronson 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

It is difficult for institutions and granting agencies in developing countries to take stock of their research output and much essential research is 'missing'.

“The result is that it is difficult for institutions and granting agencies in developing countries to take stock of their research output (Arunachalam 2004) and much essential research is 'missing'.”

• cites Arunachalam 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is not clear whether journals published in developing countries are included in the packaged databases.

“Nor is it clear whether journals published in developing countries are included in the packaged databases.”

May combine two claims.

Because articles published in overseas journals are often inaccessible to other scientists in developing countries due to high access cost, many publications by developing country scientists remain invisible to their home institutions or fellow scientists.

“Because articles published in overseas journals are often inaccessible to other scientists in developing countries due to high access cost, many publications by developing country scientists remain invisible to their home institutions or fellow scientists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While the impact of these problems on developing countries' libraries is not yet clear, it is likely that the effect will be even more severe.

“And while the impact of these problems on developing countries' libraries is not yet clear, it is likely that the effect will be even more severe.”

May combine two claims.

The big deals often come with highly restrictive licensing terms, thus limiting libraries from resource sharing, collection development and long term archiving.

“In addition to a high price tag, the big deals often come with highly restrictive licensing terms, thus limiting libraries from resource sharing, collection development and long term archiving (Lougee 1995;Lougee 2002).”

• cites Lougee 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lougee 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By showcasing their faculty's research output, open archives will bring prestige to both the staff and the institution.

“By showcasing their faculty's research output, open archives will bring prestige to both the staff and the institution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The differential pricing schemes mask the fundamental issue that publicly funded research should be accessible to the public without further barriers.

“The differential pricing schemes described above therefore mask the fundamental issue that publicly funded research should be accessible to the public without further barriers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is not clear what percentage of the information in the publishers packages are in fact relevant to the needs of developing countries.

“It is not clear, however, what percentage of the information in the publishers packages are in fact relevant to the needs of developing countries.”

May combine two claims.

Differential fee programs promote dependency on foreign aid and charitable subsidies instead of promoting sustainable development in science through local capacity building.

“This is because instead of promoting sustainable development in science through local capacity building (Godlee, Pakenham-Walsh et al. 2004), differential fee programs promote dependency on foreign aid and charitable subsidies.”

• cites Godlee, Pakenham-Walsh et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Such archives will reconnect local and international research and provide a better picture of a country's research output and areas of specialization.

“Above all, such archives will reconnect local and international research and provide a better picture of a country's research output and areas of specialization.”

May combine two claims.

While library consortia are able to negotiate better prices than individual libraries, access costs to the one price and one size fits all bundles remain exceedingly high.

“And while library consortia are able to negotiate better prices than individual libraries, access costs to the one price and one size fits all bundles remain exceedingly high (Scigliano 2002).”

• cites Scigliano 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

OAA is a far more immediate and beneficial route for developing countries than OAP.

“While OAP is clearly beneficial to researchers from developing countries and is slowly improving the visibility and impact of high quality publications (Sahu and Chan 2004), OAA is a far more immediate and beneficial route for developing countries.”

• cites Sahu and Chan 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For poorly resourced research institutions that desperately need to build capacity and collections relevant to their research needs, termination of electronic access would mean the effective termination of local research because no back-files would be available from the local libraries.

“For poorly resourced research institutions that desperately need to build capacity and collections that are relevant to their research needs, termination of electronic access would mean the effective termination of local research because no back-files would be available from the local libraries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By setting up institutional archives and asking staff scientists and faculty to submit their published papers, a corpus of published research would be instantly accessible to all.

“By setting up institutional archives and asking staff scientists and faculty to submit their published papers, a corpus of published research would be instantly accessible to all.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

International medical and environmental research programmes may be inappropriate, due to the lack of knowledge of research generated in the countries where the major health problems exist.

“While this is very serious for the developing countries, it is often not recognised that international medical and environmental research programmes may be inappropriate, due to the lack of knowledge of research generated in the countries where the major health problems exist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The OAA approach to open access is not receiving sufficient attention and is often misunderstood.

“But this approach to OA is not receiving sufficient attention and is often misunderstood (Chan and Kirsop 2001).”

• cites Chan and Kirsop 2001Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This will have implications for future international collaboration, funding proposals, and even recruitment of new faculty.

“This will have implications for future international collaboration, funding proposals, and even recruitment of new faculty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is not at all clear what would happen to research access in developing countries when the publishers' agreements end and when donations and subsidies are no longer available.

“Finally, it is not at all clear what would happen to research access in developing countries when the publishers' agreements end and when donations and subsidies are no longer available.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The guiding principle of the open access movement to scientific literature is the conviction that scientific and technical information is a quintessential global public good that should be freely available for the benefit of all.

“The guiding principle of the open access movement to scientific literature is the conviction that scientific and technical information is quintessential global public good that should be freely available for the benefit of all (Alberts 2002).”

• cites Alberts 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Problems with differential pricing initiatives are due to the fact that some schemes overlap with others or are not communicated well to eligible users, while other schemes have not fully taken local needs into account.

“Problems are due to the fact that some schemes overlap with others or are not communicated well to eligible users, while other schemes have not fully taken local needs into account.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The lack of co-ordination by the various national site licensing programs and international initiatives is causing great confusion for many institutional libraries.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Unless efforts are made to include locally published journals into the international database, researchers in both the developed and the developing worlds will not get a true global picture of the phenomenon they study and researchers in the South will continue to be dependent on a North-biased approach to solving problems.

“Unless efforts are made to include locally published journals into the international database, researchers in both the developed and the developing worlds will not get a true global picture of the phenomenon they study and researchers in the South will continue to be dependent on a North-biased approach to solving problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If made available through an open access archive, these data could be of tremendous value for TB research in India and worldwide.

“If made available through an open access archive, these data could be of tremendous value for TB research not only in India but also worldwide (Arunachalam, personal communications).”

• cites Arunachalam, personal communicationsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Brazil has 3 registered OA archives, which appear experimental in nature.

“Brazil, while leading in OAJ in developing countries, has 3 registered archives, and they appear to be experimental in nature.”

May combine two claims.

Many researchers and administrators in developing countries express concern that intellectual property from poor countries will be exploited by rich countries without proper compensation, adding to reluctance to participate in OA.

“In developing countries, many researchers and administrators also express concern that the intellectual properties from poor countries will be exploited by the rich countries without proper compensation, further adding to the reluctance of developing countries to participate in the OA movement.”

• cites Kaniki and Mphahlele 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Much of the South's primary data are scattered and available only to a small number of researchers.

“Much of this data are scattered however, and available only to small number of researchers.”

• cites Arunachalam, personal communicationsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are 214 OAI compliant archives registered with the institutional archive registry at Southampton.

“There are 214 OAI compliant archives that have registered with the institutional archive registry at Southampton 15 .”

• cites [15] 15. Godlee, F., N. Pakenham-Walsh, et al. (2004). "Can we archieve health information for all by 2015?" Lancet Published online July 9, 2004. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The library at the Indian Institute of Science was the first to set up an eprints archive in India.

“India has four registered archives, with the library at the Indian Institute of Science 16 being the first to set up an eprints archive in India and showing other institutions the way forward.”

• cites [16] 16. Harnad, S. (2001). "The Self-Archiving Initiative." Nature 410: 1024-1025. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Rajashekar and Jayakanth (2004) reasoned that concern with copyright violation, lack of awareness of benefits, and lack of support from senior administrators are key reasons for the low rate of participation.

“The uptake of self-archiving by faculty at IISc has been extremely sporadic, and (Rajashekar and Jayakanth 2004) reasoned that concern with copyright violation, the lack of awareness of the benefits of open access, and the lack of support from senior administrators are key reasons for the low rate of participation.”

• cites Rajashekar and Jayakanth 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The technical infrastructure for setting up institutional archives is now in place and the costs are minor.

“The technical infrastructure for setting up institutional archives is now in place and the costs are minor.”

• cites Open Society InstituteNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The IISc archive had only 160 papers as of May 2004, fourteen months after launch, despite a faculty of about 500 members publishing about 2000 papers per year.

“However, with a faculty of about 500 members who collectively publish about 2000 papers per year, the IISc archive has only 160 papers as of May 2004, fourteen months after the launch of the server.”

• cites Rajashekar and Jayakanth 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Lawrence effect may have been specific to computer science literature.

“But this effect may have been specific to computer science literature, an area investigated by Lawrence.”

• cites Lawrene 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Free open source software applications exist for setting up institutional archives, and the major cost involves the purchase of a server and connectivity.

“This is because there are a number of free open source software applications for setting up institutional archives and the major cost involves the purchase of a server, if one doesn't already exist, and connectivity cost.”

• cites EprintsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites DSpaceNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Open Society InstituteNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The potential of open access to data is closely tied to OA publications and is mutually reinforcing.

“The potential of open access to data is closely tied to OA publications and is mutually reinforcing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

OAA enriches the global knowledge base by incorporating the 'missing' research from the less developed world and improves South-North and South-South knowledge flow.

“In particular, OAA enriches the global knowledge base by incorporating the 'missing' research from the less developed world and improves the South-North and South-South knowledge flow.”

May combine two claims.

The existing system of science publishing and access is highly unsatisfactory because publicly funded research publications are largely inaccessible to the public and even to the funding agencies that commissioned the research.

“As the UK Parliamentary inquiry and the US Appropriations Committee reports clearly indicate, the existing system of science publishing and access is highly unsatisfactory because publicly funded research publications are largely inaccessible to the public and even to the funding agencies that commissioned the research.”

• cites UK Parliamentary inquiryNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites US Appropriations Committee reportsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UK and US recommendations will have important international implications and are being closely monitored by research agencies around the world.

“As the two largest science producing bodies in the world, the UK and the US recommendations will have important international implications and these policy developments are being closely monitored by research agencies around the world.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The UK and the US are the two largest science producing bodies in the world.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Harnad (2004) pointed out that since copyright is not the real issue impeding filling of institutional archives, the most likely reason authors are slow to self-archive is that their institutions do not have a clear policy on why and how faculty should participate.

“Harnard ( 2004) has pointed out that since copyright is not the real issue impeding the filling of institutional archives, the most likely reason why authors have been slow in self-archiving their publications is that their institutions do not have a clear policy on why and how their faculty members should participate.”

• cites Harnard (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Senior administrators and policy makers are often unaware of the benefits of OA for their institutions and for their faculty's research impact.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

OA is immediately available and can provide equitable access and professional inclusion for developing country science.

“OA is immediately available and it can provide equitable access as well as professional inclusion for developing country science.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Since all OAI compliant archives are interoperable, it doesn't make a significant difference to authors where their publications reside.

“However, since all OAI compliant archives are interoperable, it doesn't make a significant difference to authors where their publications reside.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If such a policy were adopted, thousands of new publications each year, many previously accessible only through subscription, would be available for free to all.

“If such a policy were adopted, it would mean that thousands of new publications each year, many of which would have been only accessible through subscription before, would be available for free to all.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UK report recommended that the government provide funds for all UK universities to launch open access institutional repositories and that authors of government-funded research deposit copies in institutional repositories.

“1.The government should provide funds for all UK universities to launch openaccess institutional repositories.2. Authors of articles based on government-funded research should deposit copies in their institutional repositories 20 .”

• cites [20] 20. Harnad, S., L. Carr, et al. (2003). "Mandated online RAE CVs Linked to University Eprint Archives." Ariadne(35).Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These information access programs are unlikely to be sustainable and exclude many developing countries, such as India, China and Brazil, where collaborating publishers may lose sales.

“However, these efforts are unlikely to be sustainable and exclude many developing countries, such as India, China and Brazil, where collaborating publishers may lose sale.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The UK and US recommendations share the objective of providing maximum access to publicly funded research through OAA but differ in approach (distributed vs centralized).

“The two recommendations share the same objective of providing maximum access to publicly funded research through OAA, but differ slightly in approach.”

May combine two claims.

Many authors fear they no longer have rights to their own papers and that self-archiving would violate publisher copyright and make them liable to prosecution.

“As a result, many authors fear that they no longer have the right to their own papers and therefore self-archiving them on their own or their institutional server would constitute violation to the publisher's copyright and they are then liable to prosecution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is likely that only those initiatives that foster true collaboration between stakeholders in the South and North will succeed in making sustainable and equitable access to knowledge.

“It is likely that only those initiatives that foster true collaboration between the stakeholders in the South and the North will succeed in making a sustainable and equitable access to knowledge.”

• cites Silver 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A culture of sharing is not yet pervasive in most parts of developing countries.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UK House of Commons Committee on Science and Technology released a report on July 20, 2004, after an eight-month hearing, containing recommendations to improve science communications.

“After an eight month hearing on access to scientific publications, the UK House of Commons Committee on Science and Technology released a muchanticipated report on July 20, 2004 19 .”

• cites [19] 19. Harnad, S. and T. Brody (2004). "Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals." DLib Magazine 10(6).Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Wellcome Trust, the largest private funding body in the UK, announced its support for open access last year.

“The Wellcome Trust, the largest private funding body in the UK, announced its support for open access last year 18 .”

• cites [18] 18. D. Law and J. Andrew, Ashgate Publishing. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent US House of Representatives Appropriations Committee report recommends that beginning in 2005, NIH develop a policy requiring NIH-funded scientists to deposit their articles into PubMedCentral.

“In a similar vein, a recent US House of Representatives Appropriations Committee report recommends that beginning in 2005, the National Institute of Health (the second largest funding body in the US) develop a policy requiring NIH-funded scientists to deposit their articles, as accepted for journal publication, into PubMedCentral (www.pmc.org).”