“IBM's global CEO report 2006: Business model innovation matters
Abstract
Purpose To ascertain whether the choices CEOs were making about particular types of innovation and key enablers had any correlation with financial performance, IBM looked at a subset of our sample where publicly reported financial information was available. Design/methodology/approach The findings in this report are based on in‐depth, consultative interviews on the topic of innovation with 765 CEOs, business executives and public sector leaders from around the world. Findings For a subset, the authors compared their financial performance to that of an industry‐accepted list of their nearest competitors (up to ten companies with similar revenue and publicly available information). Some of their competitors were CEO study participants, but most were not. By taking a five‐year view, the researchers were able to identify which companies outperformed and under‐performed the average revenue growth, operating margin growth and historical operating margins of their closest competitors. Research limitations/implications Throughout the analysis, IBM used these top‐half and bottom‐half groupings to look for notable financial correlations. In this report, the term outperformers refers to the study participants that are in the top 50 percent based on this competitive comparison, and under‐performers are those that fall in the bottom 50 percent. Practical implications The authors report on how business leaders are seeking and finding new ways to adapt their business models to remain competitive in their current industry – or to seek growth by entering new industries. Originality/value Companies focusing on business model innovation have enjoyed significant operating margin growth, while those using products/services/markets and operational innovation have sustained their margins over time.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CEOs from top firms acknowledge the impact of BMI on the operation margin growth of their firms.
“An IBM CEO study reported that CEOs from top firms acknowledge the impact of BMI on the operation margin growth of their firms (Pohle & Chapman, 2006).”
From Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? (2019) · cites this paper as Pohle & Chapman, 2006
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fifteen Years of Research on Business Model Innovation
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316675927 · Cited by 2,036 · see citing works
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA
Schneider, S., & Spieth, P. (2013) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391961340001x · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Bouwman, H., Nikou, S., & de Reuver, M. (2019) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101828 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Measuring business model innovation: conceptualization, scale development, and proof of performance
Clauß, T. (2016) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12186 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Circular economy business models: The state of research and avenues ahead
Ferasso, M., Beliaeva, T., Kraus, S., Clauss, T., & Ribeiro‐Soriano, D. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2554 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Kraus, S., Kanbach, D. K., Krysta, P. M., Steinhoff, M. M., & Tomini, N. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2021-0984 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
The role of business model innovation in the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 crisis
Breier, M., Kallmuenzer, A., Clauss, T., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Tiberius, V. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102723 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Strategic Agility, Business Model Innovation, and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Clauß, T., Abebe, M. A., Tangpong, C., & Hock, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2019.2910381 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
The impact of digitalization on business models
Bouwman, H., Nikou, S., Molina‐Castillo, F., & de Reuver, M. (2018) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-07-2017-0039 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Lambert, S., & Davidson, R. (2012) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2012.07.007 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Data‐Driven Business Model Innovation
Sorescu, A. B. (2017) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12398 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The sites and practices of business models
Mason, K. J., & Spring, M. (2011) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.06.032 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation as Lever of Organizational Sustainability
Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2015) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9330-y · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Overcoming organizational inertia to strengthen business model innovation
Huang, H.-C., Lai, M.-C., Lin, L.-H., & Chen, C.-T. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-04-2012-0047 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Temporary business model innovation – SMEs’ innovation response to the Covid‐19 crisis
Clauß, T., Breier, M., Kraus, S., Durst, S., & Mahto, R. V. (2021) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12498 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Business model innovativeness: designing a formative measure for business model innovation
Spieth, P., & Schneider, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-015-0794-0 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of business model innovation in the IT industry
Bhatti, S. H., Santoro, G., Khan, J., & Rizzato, F. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.003 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Moradi, E., Jafari, S. M., Doorbash, Z., & Mirzaei, A. (2021) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.01.003 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Margherita, A., & Heikkilä, M. (2021) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.020 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
From design driven innovation to meaning strategy
Battistella, C., Biotto, G., & Toni, A. F. D. (2012) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251741211220390 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The impact of organizational culture on a firm's capability to innovate the business model
Hock, M., Clauß, T., & Schulz, E. (2015) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12153 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Asemokha, A., Musona, J., Torkkeli, L., & Saarenketo, S. (2019) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-019-00254-3 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The development of business model research: A bibliometric review
Budler, M., Župič, I., & Trkman, P. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.045 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Toward a Theory of Business Model Innovation within Incumbent FirmsPreprint
dos Santos, J. K. F., Spector, B., & der Heyden, L. V. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1362515 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation as Antecedent of Sustainable Enterprise Excellence and Resilience
Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2014) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-014-0206-7 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Niemimaa, M. I., Järveläinen, J., Heikkilä, M., & Heikkilä, J. (2019) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
ANALYZING THE BUSINESS MODEL CONCEPT — A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
Burkhart, T., Krumeich, J., Werth, D., & Loos, P. (2011) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Four Models of Corporate Entrepreneurship
Wolcott, R. C., & Lippitz, M. J. (2007) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
From strategic goals to business model innovation paths: An exploratory study
Heikkilä, M., Bouwman, H., & Heikkilä, J. (2018) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0097 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Business model innovation: a review of the process-based literature
Andreini, D., Bettinelli, C., Foss, N. J., & Mismetti, M. (2021) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-021-09590-w · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Visual tools for business model innovation: Recommendations from a cognitive perspective
Taeuscher, K., & Abdelkafi, N. (2017) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12208 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
User entrepreneur business models in 3D printing
Holzmann, P., Breitenecker, R. J., Soomro, A. A., & Schwarz, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-12-2015-0115 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Business model innovation and organizational resilience: towards an integrated conceptual framework
Buliga, O., Scheiner, C. W., & Voigt, K. (2015) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-015-0796-y · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pucihar, A., Lenart, G., Borštnar, M. K., Vidmar, D., & Marolt, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020344 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The changing pattern of SME's innovativeness through business model globalization
Lee, Y., Shin, J., & Park, Y. (2011) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.10.008 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Business models for the service transformation of industrial firms
Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2017) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2017.1289514 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Internal factors & consequences of business model innovation
Bashir, M., & Verma, R. (2018) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2016-0784 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A configurational approach in business model design
Kulins, C., Leonardy, H., & Weber, C. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.121 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gupta, G., & Bose, I. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.020 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Rethinking Health: ICT-Enabled Services to Empower People to Manage Their Health
Honka, A. M., Kaipainen, K., Hietala, H., & Saranummi, N. (2011) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2011.2174217 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in the legal sector: pressures and challenges of transformation
Brooks, C., Gherhes, C., & Vorley, T. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsz026 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION AND STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY: INSIGHTS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Schneider, S., & Spieth, P. (2014) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391961440009x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Velamuri, V. K., Bansemir, B., Neyer, A., & Möslein, K. M. (2013) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919613400045 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Urbaniec, M., & Żur, A. (2020) · The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00646-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Portillo, A. F., González, M. A., Sánchez‐Escobedo, M. C., & Coca-Pérez, J. L. (2022) · European Research on Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100190 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation for Sustainable Performance in Retail and Hospitality Industries
Cheah, S. L., Ho, Y., & Li, S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113952 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation: Past Research, Current Debates, and Future Directions
Hossain, M. (2016) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/jsma-01-2016-0002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Monios, J., & Bergqvist, R. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119824 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Antecedents and Consequences of Business Model Innovation: The Role of Industry Structure
Waldner, F., Poetz, M. K., Grimpe, C., & Eurich, M. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-332220150000033009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sengupta, T., Narayanamurthy, G., Hota, P. K., Sarker, T., & Dey, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120857 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Exploring business model innovation for competitive advantage: a lesson from an emerging market
Saqib, N., & Satar, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-05-2020-0072 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Supply Chain-Based Business Model Innovation: The Case of a Cross-Border E-Commerce Company
Wang, Y., Jia, F., Schoenherr, T., & Gong, Y. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10124362 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Topleva, S. A., & Prokopov, T. (2020) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2019-0208 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Huang, H., Lai, M., Kao, M., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1229 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Takin' Care of Business Models: The Impact of Business Model Evaluation on Front‐End Success
Schrauder, S., Kock, A., Baccarella, C. V., & Voigt, K. (2017) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12411 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lee, J. H., Shin, D. I., Hong, Y. S., & Kim, Y. S. (2011) · Annual SRII Global Conference · doi:10.1109/srii.2011.72 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Deploying information technologies for organizational innovation: Lessons from case studies
Lindič, J., Baloh, P., Ribière, V., & Desouza, K. C. (2011) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.12.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Innovations in the restaurant industry: An exploratory study
Ivkov, M., Blešić, I., Simat, K., Demirovic, D., Božić, S., & Stefanović, V. (2016) · Ekonomika poljoprivrede · doi:10.5937/ekopolj1604169i · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Does model consistency in business model innovation matter? A contingency‐based approach
Kranich, P., & Wald, A. E. (2017) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12247 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Attah‐Boakye, R., Adams, K., Hernández‐Perdomo, E., Yu, H., & Johansson, J. (2023) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102769 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Business model innovation and firm performance: Evidence from manufacturing SMEs
Salfore, N., Jaleta, M. E., & Alemu, Z. K. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16384 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Legitimacy without Imitation: How to Achieve Robust Business Model Innovation
Snihur, Y., & Zott, C. (2013) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2013.12656abstract · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bashir, M. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-06-2021-0110 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The dark side of business model innovation
Sabaruddin, L. O., MacBryde, J., & D’Ippolito, B. (2022) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12309 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Business model innovation from the strategic posture perspective
Ben-Ammar, O., & Chereau, P. (2017) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/ebr-09-2016-0119 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The interplay of technological innovation and business model innovation toward company performance
Smajlović, S., Umihanić, B., & Turulja, L. (2019) · Management · doi:10.30924/mjcmi.24.2.5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J., Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199927678.013.0030 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Jiao, N., & Evans, S. (2017) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57078-5_51 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation Roadmapping: A Structured Approach to a New Business Model
Schaller, A.-A., Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R., & Mariano, S. (2018) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2018.8481976 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alosani, M. S., Yusoff, R. Z., Al-Ansi, A. A., & Al-Dhaafri, H. S. (2020) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-11-2019-0110 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Business Model Mining: Analyzing a Firm's Business Model with Text Mining of Annual Report
Lee, J., & Hong, Y. S. (2014) · Industrial Engineering & Management Systems · doi:10.7232/iems.2014.13.4.432 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Circular Economy and retail: using Deep Learning to predict business survival
Uribe-Toril, J., Ruiz–Real, J. L., Durán, A. G., Arriaza, J. A. T., & Valenciano, J. D. P. (2022) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-021-00582-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tetteh, F. K., Nyamekye, B., Attah, J., Gyamerah, K. K., & Agboyi, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/jec-09-2024-0180 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rashidin, M. S., Javed, S., Chen, L., & Wang, J. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019898214 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hanafizadeh, P., Hatami, P., Analoui, M., & Albadvi, A. (2021) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-021-00537-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Abebe, M. A., & MYINT, P. P. A. (2017) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919618500068 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
New business model creation through the triple helix of young entrepreneurs, SNSs, and smart devices
Shin, J. (2014) · International Journal of Technology Management · doi:10.1504/ijtm.2014.064969 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Founders’ Creativity, Business Model Innovation, and Business Growth
Li, Y., Li, B., & Lu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892716 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Caceres, A. P. D. L. V. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135347 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation: Insights from a Multiple Case Study of Slovenian SMEs
Marolt, M., Lenart, G., Maletič, D., Borštnar, M. K., & Pucihar, A. (2016) · Organizacija · doi:10.1515/orga-2016-0015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Volberda, H., Bosch, F. A. J. V. D., & Heij, K. (2017) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198792048.001.0001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Business model innovation in the retail industry: growth by serving the silver generation
Lange, V. G., & Velamuri, V. K. (2014) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management · doi:10.1504/ijeim.2014.064210 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
When Money Learns to Fly: Towards Sensing as a Service Applications Using BitcoinPreprint
Noyen, K., Volland, D., Wörner, D., & Fleisch, E. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.5841 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Islam, S. M., & Scott, T. (2021) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962211053411 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Basit, A., Wang, L., Nazir, S., Mehmood, S., & Hussain, I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813538 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
La performance des pratiques interorganisationnelles innovantes. Proposition d’un modèle conceptuel
Lavastre, O., Ageron, B., & Chaze-Magnan, L. (2014) · Revue française de gestion · doi:10.3166/rfg.239.75-89 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Overcoming the Barriers of Sustainable Business Model Innovations by Integrating Open Innovation
Asswad, J., Hake, G., & Gómez, J. M. (2016) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39426-8_24 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lavastre, O., Ageron, B., Chaze-Magnan, L., & Spalanzani, A. (2014) · M n gement · doi:10.3917/mana.174.0266 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation Paths and Tools
Heikkilä, M., Bouwman, H., Heikkilä, J., Haaker, T., López‐Nicolás, C., & Riedl, A. (2016) · Åbo Akademi University Research Portal · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The social embeddedness of business model enactment
Spector, B. (2013) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/17554251311296549 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analysis of business models innovation – a multiple case study
Nunes, M. P., & Russo, A. P. (2018) · Innovation & Management Review · doi:10.1108/inmr-11-2018-0085 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhou, L., & Lee, H. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11060278 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
NON-TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION: CURRENT ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES
Pereira, C. S., & Romero, F. C. C. (2013) · Independent Journal of Management & Production · doi:10.14807/ijmp.v4i1.88 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A team-learning framework for business model innovation in an emerging market
Huang, H., Lai, M., Kao, M., & Sung, C.-H. (2014) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.20 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN AN INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENT
Nunes, M. P., & PEREIRA, R. D. V. (2020) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919621500365 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dorfer, L. (2016) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/s41471-016-0014-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Business Model Innovation (BMI) Process: A Systematic Literature Review with Bibliometric Analysis
Schaller, A.-A., & Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R. (2019) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2019.8893797 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sustainable circular innovation ecosystem for hospitality and tourism
Prikshat, V., Okumuş, F., & Martino, M. D. (2025) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-01-2025-0035 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Probing the impact of intellectual capital on SME efficiency: the role of business model innovation
Khattak, M. S., Wu, Q., Ahmad, M., & Anwar, M. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1108/jic-04-2023-0071 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Creating a New Business Through Applying the Systems‐Based Evolutionary Learning Laboratory Approach
Kiura, T., Bosch, O. J. H., Nguyen, N. C., Shirasaka, S., & Maéno, T. (2014) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/sres.2319 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pohle, G., & Chapman, M.
- Affiliations
- IBM (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Strategy & Leadership
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2006-09-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 34-40
- ISSN
- 0094-064X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-8572
- OpenAlex
- W2050058009
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Strategy and Leadership (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Keywords
- business model innovation, CEO decision-making, financial performance, product innovation, service innovation, market innovation, operational innovation, enterprise competitiveness, industry entry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review