Modeling axon membranes for functional electrical stimulation
Abstract
Four models are discussed which can be used to predict the behavior of warm-blooded axons, when excited by electric fields. Up to now, most results were obtained with the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley model, but nearly all of them are wrong in time scale and the cathodic block phenomenon was not observable because the temperature dependence of the gating mechanism has been neglected. However, in the corrected form this model reacts with similar excitability as the two other myelinated nerve models which consider that the potassium current is negligible in mammalian axon membranes. Strength-duration relations for cathodic and anodic excitations, as well as for cathodic blockade, are presented. Paradoxically, the "warm" squid model of Hodgkin and Huxley is the only one which reflects phenomena known from stimulations of the (myelinated) acoustic nerve by cochlear implants.
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Nerve activation is proportional to the rate of change of the voltage along the axons.
“Rattay and Aberham (1993) concluded that nerve activation is proportional to the rate of change of the voltage along the axons.”
From Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review. (2017) · cites this paper as Rattay and Aberham (1993)
Cites
Analysis of Models for External Stimulation of Axons
Rattay, F. (1986) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1986.325670 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
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Non-rectangular waveforms for neural stimulation with practical electrodes
Sahin, M., & Tie, Y. (2007) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/4/3/008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Neural interfaces for somatosensory feedback: bringing life to a prosthesis
Tyler, D. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000266 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review.
Ghafoor, U., Kim, S., & Hong, K.-S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00059 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Rattay and Aberham (1993) concluded that nerve activation is proportional to the rate of change of the voltage along the axons.”
Microchannels as Axonal Amplifiers
FitzGerald, J. J., Lacour, S. P., McMahon, S. B., & Fawcett, J. W. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.909533 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Yem, V., Vu, K., Kon, Y., & Kajimoto, H. (2018) · 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2018.8446403 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rattay, F., & Aberham, M.
- Affiliations
- TU Wien (AT)
- ORCID
- Rattay, F.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1201-1209
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156851998
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › stochastic dynamics and bifurcation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Keywords
- functional electrical stimulation, Hodgkin-Huxley model, squid giant axon, myelinated axons, potassium currents, cochlear implants, electric field excitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Mammals, Mathematics, Models, Neurological, Nerve Fibers, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Neurilemma, Temperature
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