Analysis of Models for External Stimulation of Axons

Rattay, Frank

doi:10.1109/tbme.1986.325670

Cited by 682Neuroscience and Neural EngineeringNeural dynamics and brain functionUndergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research

Analysis of Models for External Stimulation of Axons

Rattay, Frank·1986·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

DOI 10.1109/tbme.1986.325670

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Abstract

Extracellular electrodes produce electrical fields at the outside of nerve fibers. Discretization of the axon's length coordinate allows simulation of the excitation by a system of differential equations in time, and difference equations in space. For myelinated fibers this segmentation is naturally given by the nodes of Ranvier, whereas unmyelinated axons can be segmented arbitrarily. In both cases the equations are similar and can be treated in parallel. The activity of the axon depends on the second space derivative of the extracellular medium. The activating function is discussed for monopolar electrodes but the principle can be extended to arbitrary configurations of electrodes.

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Pulse amplitudes are highly influenced by electrode placement; larger target distances require larger stimulation currents.
“Pulse amplitudes are highly influenced by the electrode placement, as larger target distances require larger stimulation currents [82].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
A one-stage leaky integrator provides a reasonable approximation to cellular depolarization due to extracellular stimulation.
“It is well established that this one-stage leaky integrator provides a reasonable approximation to cellular depolarization due to extracellular stimulation60–62.”
From A virtual patient simulation modeling the neural and perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation, from pulse trains to percepts (2024) · cites this paper as [60]

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An application for learning and teaching extracellular stimulation of axons
Danner, S. M. (2011) · reposiTUm (TU Wien)

Authors: Rattay, F.
Affiliations: TU Wien (AT)
Corresponding author: Rattay, Frank
ORCID: Rattay, Frank
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 1986-10
Volume: BME-33
Issue: 10
Pages: 974-977
ISSN: 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1986.325670
OpenAlex: W2058474475
Cited by: 681
References: 11
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 1.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
Keywords: extracellular stimulation, axons, electrical nerve stimulation, myelinated axons, nodes of Ranvier, unmyelinated axons, monopolar electrodes, activating function, extracellular medium, spatial discretization, recurrence relations, excitation model
MeSH terms: Animals, Axons, Biomedical Engineering, Electric Stimulation, Models, Biological, Myelin Sheath, In Vitro Techniques

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Analysis of Models for External Stimulation of Axons

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