Coil design for real and sham transcranial magnetic stimulation
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to excite the human cortex noninvasively. TMS also activates scalp muscles and sensory receptors; additionally, the loud sound from the stimulating coil activates auditory pathways. These side effects complicate the interpretation of the results of TMS studies. For control experiments, we have designed a coil that can produce both real and sham stimulation without moving the coil. The sham TMS is similar to the real TMS, except for the different relative direction of the currents in the two loops of the figure-of-eight coil. While the real TMS elicited activation of hand muscles, sham TMS had no such effect; however, the auditory-evoked potentials were similar.
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TMS-induced electric fields are estimated to be in the range of 50 to 130 mV/mm and 20-150 mV/mm, which are in the range of local field potentials and may be the driver of TMS effects.
“TMS-induced electric fields (orthogonal to the magnetic field induced by coils) cannot be measured directly but, from modelling studies, are estimated to be in the range of 50 to 130 mV/mm [65] and 20-150 mV/mm [66], which are in the range of local field potentials (LFPs) measured with external electrodes (see below) so may be the driver of TMS effects.”
From The electromagnetic will (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Ruohonen, J., Ollikainen, M., Nikouline, V., Virtanen, J., & Ilmoniemi, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-148
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127067946
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, sham stimulation, coil design, figure-of-eight coil, auditory evoked potentials, control experiments
- MeSH terms
- Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Equipment Design, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Humans, Physical Stimulation, Reference Values, Muscle, Skeletal, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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