Echoplanar BOLD fMRI of brain activation induced by concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors demonstrate the feasibility of combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) inside an MR scanner to noninvasively stimulate and image regional brain activity. METHODS: Echoplanar blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)-based fMRI studies of TMS response were performed on three human volunteers inside a standard 1.5 T MR scanner using independent computer control to interleave echoplanar image acquisition and stimulation of right thumb primary motor cortex with a nonferromagnetic TMS coil. RESULTS: Significant (P< 0.001) response was observed in motor cortex under the TMS coil during stimulation compared to rest, as well in auditory cortex, the latter presumably due to the loud "snap" when the coil was pulsed. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent TMS stimulation and echoplanar BOLD fMRI imaging is possible. This method has potential for tracing neural circuits with brain imaging, as well as investigating the effects of TMS.
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A single TMS pulse raises BOLD signal near the coil and in monosynaptic target regions.
“a single pulse of TMS induces an elevation in the BOLD signal in the vicinity of the TMS coil and in monosynaptic target regions [37,38].”
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- Authors
- BOHNING, D. E., SHASTRI, A., NAHAS, Z., LORBERBAUM, J. P., ANDERSEN, S. W., DANNELS, W. R., HAXTHAUSEN, E.-U., VINCENT, D. J., & GEORGE, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Cybernetica (Norway) (NO)
- Corresponding author
- BOHNING, DARYL E.
- SHASTRI, ANANDA
- VINCENT, DIANA J.
- GEORGE, MARK S.
- Venue
- Investigative Radiology
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 336-340
- ISSN
- 0020-9996 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075170823
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Investigative Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, BOLD fMRI, echo planar imaging, primary motor cortex, auditory cortex, neural circuit tracing, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation, Electromagnetic Fields, Hand, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motor Cortex, Noise, Physical Stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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