The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Watermarking as communications with side information
Abstract
Several authors have drawn comparison between embedded signaling or watermarking and communications, especially spread-spectrum communications. We examine the similarities and differences between watermarking and traditional communications. This comparison suggests that watermarking most closely resembles communications with side information at the transmitter and or detector, a configuration originally described by Shannon (1958). This leads to several novel characteristics and insights regarding embedded signaling which are discussed in detail.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x018001032 · Cited by 13,645
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.650120 · Cited by 5,299
Self-citationAn Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation
Poor, H. V. (1988) · Springer Texts in Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3863-6 · Cited by 3,149
Bender, W., Gruhl, D., Morimoto, N., & Lu, A. (1996) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.353.0313 · Cited by 2,774
An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation
Poor, H. V. (1994) · Springer Texts in Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2341-0 · Cited by 2,659
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R., Schilling, D., & Milstein, L. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,370
Rees, T., & Wajcman, J. (1993) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591252 · Cited by 1,036
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
Podilchuk, C. I., & Zeng, W. (1998) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.668975 · Cited by 849
Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems
Petitcolas, F. A. P., Anderson, R. J., & Kuhn, M. G. (1998) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-49380-8_16 · Cited by 835
Channels with Side Information at the Transmitter
Shannon, C. E. (1958) · IBM Journal of Research and Development · doi:10.1147/rd.24.0289 · Cited by 657
Cited by
Chen, B., & Wornell, G. W. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.923725 · Cited by 2,095
Scalar costa scheme for information embedding
Eggers, J. J., Bauml, R., Tzschoppe, R., & Girod, B. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2003.809366 · Cited by 357
A survey of Deep Neural Network watermarking techniques
Li, Y., Wang, H., & Barni, M. (2021) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2021.07.051 · Cited by 177
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Miller, M. L., & McKellips, A. L.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1127-1141
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154890510
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 23.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Watermarking as communications with side information. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/5.771068
- The paper
- Cox, I. J., Miller, M. L., & McKellips, A. L. (1999). Watermarking as communications with side information. Proceedings of the IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771068
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
