The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Abstract
This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012
Huber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression
Gersho, A., & Gray, R. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0 · Cited by 7,055
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0357 · Cited by 3,032
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R. L., Schilling, D. L., & Milstein, L. B. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,376
van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1994.413536 · Cited by 1,139
Jähne, B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-21817-4 · Cited by 1,139
Collusion-secure fingerprinting for digital data
Boneh, D., & Shaw, J. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.705568 · Cited by 980
Signal compression based on models of human perception
Jayant, N. S., Johnston, J. D., & Safranek, R. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.241504 · Cited by 790
Spread-Spectrum Communications
Ellersick, F., Schilling, D. L., Cook, C. E., et al. (1983) · Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications · doi:10.1081/e-ewmc2-120043935 · Cited by 679
Flagged first, then by citations
34 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- kilian, 0, Resistance of watermarked documents to collusional attacks
- braudaway, 1996, Color correct digital watermarking of images
- adelson, 1990, Digital signal encoding and decoding apparatus
- schreiber, 1991, Receiver-compatible enhanced definition television system
- rhoads, 1995, Indentification/authentication coding method and apparatus
- turner, 1989, Digital data security system
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,601–4,700 of 5,299
A 3-D mesh watermarking with uncomplicated frequency selectivity
Nonoshita, T., Uto, T., Ichiwara, K., et al. (2012) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems · doi:10.1109/icspcs.2012.6507986
Application of digital watermark technology for movie data in streaming distribution service
Hirakawa, M., & Iijima, J. (2010) · doi:10.1109/ieem.2010.5674545
Cho, D.-U., & Bae, Y. J. (2002) · The KIPS Transactions PartB · doi:10.3745/kipstb.2002.9b.1.091
Improved Data Embedding Method for Digital Image with Human Visual Systems
Fujii, A., Nakamoto, M., Muneyasu, M., et al. (2014) · Electronics and Communications in Japan · doi:10.1002/ecj.11597
An effective and efficiency anti-collusion fingerprint scheme for multimedia
Huang, J., & Li, Q. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Communication Software and Networks · doi:10.1109/iccsn.2011.6013615
Kim, J.-C., Kim, Y.-C., & Kim, J.-Y. (2010) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2010.11.9.3481
171Image Verification through Smoothness
Lee, M.-S. (2000) · Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan · doi:10.3154/jvs.20.1supplement_421
A Real-Time Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on MCLT
Zhang, Q. Y., Huang, Y. B., & Deng, J. B. (2011) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2042
Nikitenko, L. L. (2013) · Journal of Automation and Information Sciences · doi:10.1615/jautomatinfscien.v45.i1.60
Robustness-set in watermarking embedding systems using codebook classifications
Chiang, W.-Y., Wang, S.-J., Weng, C.-Y., et al. (2009) · International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM) · doi:10.1145/1516241.1516278
The Detection for Image Spread Spectrum Watermarking Based on Self-Adaptive Wavelet Transform by DSP
Zhang, L. J. (2012) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5957
A robust digital watermarking in geometric attacks
Kim, K.-T., Choi, J.-H., Kim, S.-G., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.570138
Fingerprinting digital elevation maps
Gou, H., & Wu, M. H. (2006) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.643276
Image Hiding by Simple Module Substitution
Yang, C.-Y., Huang, W., & Cheng, Y.-F. (2007) · doi:10.1109/icicic.2007.343
Design and implementation of a block-based lossless watermarking scheme
Ibrahim, F., & Zaki, M. J. (2010) · International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics · doi:10.1504/ijesdf.2010.033784
Watermarking Using the Local Relation of Wavelet Coefficient
Park, K. H., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, J. S. (2008) · International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking · doi:10.1109/fgcn.2008.221
Digital audio watermarking for QoS assessment of MP3 music signals
Benedetto, F., Giunta, G., Neri, A., et al. (2006) · Iris (Roma Tre University)
Blind watermarking method using partitioned DCT channels
Rozsnyik, Z., & Loványi, I. (2003) · doi:10.1109/viprom.2002.1026663
Performance Comparison of Several Watermarking Methods Based on ICA and AQIM
Ling, J., Liu, J., & Sun, Z. (2009) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2009.108
A Similarity Attack to Correlation-Based Public Watermarking Detection
Yao, X., Du, W., & Fu, J. (2009) · International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering (MUE) · doi:10.1109/mue.2009.39
Zheng, X., Zhang, A., Li, S., et al. (2011) · doi:10.1109/ncis.2011.92
Stream-Based Interactive Video Language Authoring Using Correlated Audiovisual Watermarking
Xu, R. Y. D., Jin, J. S., & Allen, J. G. (2005) · doi:10.1109/icita.2005.263
Game-theoretic analysis of maximum-payoff multiuser collusion
Zhao, H., Lin, W. S., & Liu, K. J. R. (2008) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2008.4711995
Watermarking for Image-Based Rendering via Homography-Based Virtual Camera Location Estimation
Koz, A., Çığla, C., & Alatan, A. A. (2007) · doi:10.1109/siu.2007.4298700
Transparent information biding with automatic embedding range selection for ownership verification
Sattar, F., Yu, D., Razul, S. G., et al. (2005) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1421650
Robust Watermarking in Wavelet Domain Using Rank Order and Genetic Algorithm for Image Authorization
Tsai, H.-H., Wang, K., & Liu, C.-C. (2006) · 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2006.1716361
VIDEO WATERMARKING ALGORITHM BASED ON PSEUDO 3D DCT AND QUANTIZATION INDEX MODULATION
Huang, H., Yang, C., & Hsu, W. (2009)
Novel Robust Image Watermarking Exploiting the Features of Double Domains
Zhu, X., Yang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2009) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2009.97
Watermarking robust against analog vcr recording
Magai, K., Ito, H., Mishima, H., et al. (2005) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1421850
An efficient method to improve the quality of watermarked cover image
Hsieh, W., Wu, C.-F., Huang, J.-Y., et al. (2003) · International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops · doi:10.1109/icdcsw.2002.1030780
Broadcast Synchronizing System Using Audio Watermark
Shin, D., Kim, J., & Choi, J.-U. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11582267_14
Blind Image Watermark Analysis using DWT and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
Sun, W., & Lu, W. (2008) · Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/ccpr.2008.71
Enhanced Performance of Spread Spectrum Based Image Watermarking with Small Chip-rates
Trammanontikul, P., & Amornraksa, T. (2006)
Digital Media Copy Detection: Research Actuality and Prospect
Wan, Y., Wang, Y., Ji, S., Li-min, H., & Yuan, Q. (2008) · International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC) · doi:10.1109/icnc.2008.655
Copyright Protection Using a Computational Watermarking Scheme
Jiang, Q. G., Han, D., Li, Y., et al. (2008) · doi:10.1109/icycs.2008.195
Secure Spread-Spectrum Watermark Detection Based on Extended TPM
Yan-jun, H., Huanguo, Z., & Lina, W. (2007) · doi:10.1109/isdpe.2007.95
A New Watermarking Image Optimization Method Based on Cort and DCT
Qiansheng, C. (2009) · International Conference on Management of e-Commerce and e-Government · doi:10.1109/icmecg.2009.73
The Effective Key Length of Watermarking SchemesPreprint
Bas, P., & Furon, T. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1202.3562
A Copyright Protection Scheme for Digital Images Based on Operations over Finite Groups
Tang, D., & Wang, X. (2008) · doi:10.1109/iita.2008.183
Detection Optimization For The Dct-Domain Image Watermarking System
Djukanović, S., & Djurović, I. (2010) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.41872
Image Dual Watermark Algorithm Based on Lifting Wavelet and Liu Chaotic System
Zhu, C., Chen, Z., & Xia, X. (2006) · World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation · doi:10.1109/wcica.2006.1714057
Targeted Secret Disclosures in Visual-based Watermarking Concealment Systems
Wang, S.-J., Lin, J., Ke, H.-J., et al. (2007) · International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering (MUE) · doi:10.1109/mue.2007.202
Evolution of mapping functions for image encryption using Evolvable Hardware
Bagheri, M., Mohammadi, K., Taheri, M., & Mosavi, M. R. (2010) · International Symposium on Telecommunications · doi:10.1109/istel.2010.5734141
Parameters Relation of Quantization-based Watermarking Algorithms
Xiong, C., Xu, J., & Zou, J. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT) · doi:10.1109/isspit.2006.270768
Document Contents Image Critical Issuing of Authorized Electronic Seal
Zhang, S., Yoshino, K., & Zhu, H. (2009) · International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/icinis.2009.183
A novel Watermarking scheme resilient to video compression
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Ding, G., et al. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2009.5202683
Noise characteristics based postprocessing method in watermarking detection
Zhong, H., & Li-cheng, J. (2004) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA) · doi:10.1109/iccima.2003.1238167
Blind watermarking technique based on integer discrete cosine transform and AC prediction
Lai, E., Hsieh, C.-T., & Hung, K.-M. (2007)
Image distribution method with identifier embedding scheme for copyright protection
Abe, T., Fujii, H., Kushima, K., et al. (2002) · Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science) · doi:10.1002/ecjc.1130
Content-Based Block Watermarking Against Cumulative and Temporal Attack
Wang, J., & Liu, J. C. L. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521364
Watermarking and Streaming Compressed Video
Harmanci, O., Mıhçak, M. K., & Tekalp, A. M. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2007.366037
Performance analysis of parallel acoustic communication in OFDM-based system
Bok, J., & Ryu, H. (2011) · International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology
Semi-reversible quantization based data hiding using missing samples recovery technique
Ameri, A., Saberian, M. J., Akhaee, M. A., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1109/ictel.2009.5158662
A Watermarking Method for Still Images Using Modified Code Division Multiple Access
Chen, J., Chen, C., & Chen, W. (2008) · International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA) · doi:10.1109/isda.2008.262
Adaptive Watermarking Model and Detection Performance Analysis
Ni, R., & Ruan, Q. (2006) · doi:10.1109/icicic.2006.406
An Enhanced Statistical Approach for Watermarking Using Wavelets
Ahmadi, H., Beheshti, A. S., & Foruzandeh, B. (2007) · Conference proceedings - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/ccece.2007.84
Error resilient watermarking for MPEG video streams
Hosseini, H. M. M., & Huang, F. (2004) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2004.1414544
A New Video Watermarking Scheme Resistant to Collusion and Synchronization Attacks
Kim, K. (2009) · International Journal of Contents · doi:10.5392/ijoc.2009.5.2.032
Commitment Based Watermark Detection Protocols
Yongliang, L. (2006) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2005.1415535
A scheme of betrayal checking and traitor tracing for confidential image in Internet
Yu, Y., Cheng, J., Wei, Z., et al. (2012) · doi:10.1109/mic.2012.6273450
Effective assignment of fingerprints on CDMA-based fingerprinting scheme
Kato, H., Kuribayashi, M., & Morii, M. (2008) · International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications · doi:10.1109/isita.2008.4895498
Audio Watermarking Based on Advanced Wigner Distribution and Important Frequency Peaks
Tuân, Đ. V., & Chong, U. (2009) · The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications · doi:10.1177/1094342009106597
Li, S., & Zhang, Q. (2008) · World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation · doi:10.1109/wcica.2008.4593530
A Novel ICA-Based Extraction Scheme for Image Watermarking
Zeng, G.-R., & Qiu, Z. (2008) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2008.46
An Image Hided-Data Detection Method Combining Markov Chain and Support Vector Machines
Zhao, H. M., & Zhu, L. (2011) · Applied Mechanics and Materials · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.520
Study on an Algorithm for Generating the Multiple Watermark Information using 2D Barcode
Cui, J., & Kim, J. (2013) · International Journal of Security and Its Applications · doi:10.14257/ijsia.2013.7.6.17
Mobile DRM system based on a three-step user authentication process
Jeon, J.-O., Park, S.-H., & Kang, M.-S. (2009) · International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology
A Novel Asymptotic Deterministic Randomness Based Watermarking Scheme
Wang, K., Pei, W., He, Z., et al. (2006) · Information Hiding · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.26
Enhancing perceptual quality of watermarked high-definition video through composite mask
Oh, T., Kim, K., Lee, H., et al. (2010) · International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA) · doi:10.1109/ipta.2010.5586742
Pattern-Based Blind Spatial Image Watermarking
Yao, X., Du, W., Huang, M. Y., et al. (2010) · International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology and Security Informatics · doi:10.1109/iitsi.2010.27
A Security Analysis of Some Physical Content Distribution Systems
Sui, J. (2008) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Sinha, N. (2003) · IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation (SSIAI) · doi:10.1109/iai.2002.999923
Kaur, J., & Kang, S. S. (2011)
Digital watermarks for audio signal based on psychoacoustic masking model
Nakayama, A., Lu, J., Nakamura, S., et al. (2003) · Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science) · doi:10.1002/ecjc.10143
A novel watermarking algorithm for resisting geometric attacks
Jin, C., & Ye, H. (2006) · International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications (ISSPA) · doi:10.1109/isspa.2005.1580210
Tracing Stateful Pirate Decoders
Wu, Y., Bao, F., & Qiu, Y. (2009) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2009.5199537
A Relationship between Quantization and Distribution Rates of Digitally Fingerprinted Data
Karakos, D., & Papamarcou, A. (2000) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Effective detection method for CDMA-based fingerprinting scheme
Kuribayashi, M., & Morii, M. (2008) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2008.4607443
Multiplicative Watermarking of Audio in Spectral Domain
Singh, J., Garg, P., & De, A. N. (2013) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37949-9_52
Minimising Native Interference in Still Image Data Hiding
Guo, J. J., Xu, X., Zhao, F., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1109/cmc.2009.265
A traceable content-adaptive fingerprinting for multimedia
Lin, Y.-T., & Wu, J. (2005) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1421649
Pratap, I., Hiranwal, S., & Yadav, N. (2013) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/14455-2723
A novel framework for object-based video multiple creatorship protection
Zhang, Y., & Emmanuel, S. (2005) · International symposium on image and signal processing and analysis/ISPA ... · doi:10.1109/ispa.2005.195414
Digital Watermarking Method Based on Luminance Modification in Amplitude Modulation
Amornraksa, T., & Puertpan, R. (2001)
Robust data hiding in MPEG-2 video against transcoding
Wang, Y., & Pearmain, A. J. (2004) · doi:10.1109/vipmc.2003.1220545
Digital watermark method based on estimating harmonics frequency
Wen, Q., Wang, S., & Jing, L. (2004) · doi:10.1109/icct.2003.1209819
The Attacking Method for DC Components Watermarking
Tsai, P., Chu, S., Lu, C.-S., et al. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.161
An improved intra-frame error concealment for H.264/AVC using digital watermarking
Chen, J.-H. (2009) · IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE) · doi:10.1109/isce.2009.5156937
Unobtrusiveness measure for digital watermarking
Gang, L., & Jie, Y. (2005) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.1902995
A robust watermarking algorithm for copyright protection
Omari, R. S. A., & ., A. A.-J. (2005) · doi:10.1109/aiccsa.2005.1387081
A Quality Assessment of Watermarked Color Image Based on Vision Masking
Yang, H.-M. (2010) · International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science · doi:10.5815/ijitcs.2010.02.07
IMPROVING SECURITY AND REDUCING EFFECT OF ATTACKS ON WATERMARK USING BINARY OPERATORS
Kaur, J., & Maini, R. (2011) · Journal of Global Research in Computer Sciences
Confronting the Synchronization Problem of Semantic Region Under Geometric Attacks
Tzouveli, P. K., Ntalianis, K., & Kollias, S. (2006) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2006.262788
Robust Digital Image Watermarking Based on S Transform
Minghui, D., & Jingbo, Z. (2009) · doi:10.1109/itcs.2009.53
Semisubsampled wavelet transform based image watermarking
Hou, Y., Zhao, C., Zhu, L., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1109/cccm.2009.5267929
Tatouage vidéo par marquage hiérarchique des vecteurs mouvements
Bodo, Y. L. (2003)
Storage and Transmission of Cardiac Data with Medical Images
Acharya, U. R., Bhat, P. S., Niranjan, U. C., et al. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-36675-1_10
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T.
- Affiliations
- NEC (Japan) (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Cox, I.J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1673-1687
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W2116467012
- Semantic Scholar
- a5eaa0b77d774745409499be2a2f16c506156161
- Cited by
- 5,299
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 211 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 98.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- digital watermarking, spread spectrum watermarking, tamper resistance, Gaussian random vectors, image watermarking, watermark robustness, lossy compression, geometric transformations, image registration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
