The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hidden digital watermarks in images
Abstract
In this paper, an image authentication technique by embedding digital "watermarks" into images is proposed. Watermarking is a technique for labeling digital pictures by hiding secret information into the images. Sophisticated watermark embedding is a potential method to discourage unauthorized copying or attest the origin of the images. In our approach, we embed the watermarks with visually recognizable patterns into the images by selectively modifying the middle-frequency parts of the image. Several variations of the proposed method are addressed. The experimental results show that the proposed technique successfully survives image processing operations, image cropping, and the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) lossy compression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.650120 · Cited by 5,299
Bender, W., Gruhl, D., Morimoto, N., & Lu, A. (1996) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.353.0313 · Cited by 2,774
JPEG: Still Image Data Compression Standard
Pennebaker, W. B., & Mitchell, J. L. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,390
JPEG: Still image data compression standard
Sebestyen, I. (1993) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/0920-5489(93)90038-s · Cited by 1,768
Sklar, B. (1987) · Cited by 882
Lee, E. A., & Messerschmitt, D. G. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0044-1 · Cited by 665
Bender, W. R., Gruhl, D., & Morimoto, N. (1995) · SPIE Proceedings · doi:10.1117/12.205315 · Cited by 507
Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying
Brassil, J. T., Low, S., Maxemchuk, N. F., & O'Gorman, L. (1995) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.464718 · Cited by 369
Cryptology for digital TV broadcasting
Macq, B. M., & Quisquater, J.-J. (1995) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.387094 · Cited by 340
Transparent robust image watermarking
Swanson, M. D., Zhu, B., & Tewfik, A. H. (2002) · Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1996.560421 · Cited by 326
Cited by
Secret image sharing with steganography and authentication
Lin, C.-C., & Tsai, W.-H. (2004) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/s0164-1212(03)00239-5 · Cited by 470
Metadata
- Authors
- Hsu, C.-T., & Wu, J.-L.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-68
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164736805
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 35.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hidden digital watermarks in images. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/83.736686
- The paper
- Hsu, C.-T., & Wu, J.-L. (1999). Hidden digital watermarks in images. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/83.736686
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
