Continuous patient monitoring with a patient centric agent: a block architecture
Open accessAbstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has facilitated services without human intervention for a wide range of applications, including continuous remote patient monitoring (RPM). However, the complexity of RPM architectures, the size of data sets generated and limited power capacity of devices make RPM challenging. In this paper, we propose a tier-based End to End architecture for continuous patient monitoring that has a patient centric agent (PCA) as its center piece. The PCA manages a blockchain component to preserve privacy when data streaming from body area sensors needs to be stored securely. The PCA based architecture includes a lightweight communication protocol to enforce security of data through different segments of a continuous, real time patient monitoring architecture. The architecture includes the insertion of data into a personal blockchain to facilitate data sharing amongst healthcare professionals and integration into electronic health records while ensuring privacy is maintained. The blockchain is customized for RPM with modifications that include having the PCA select a Miner to reduce computational effort, enabling the PCA to manage multiple blockchains for the same patient, and the modification of each block with a prefix tree to minimize energy consumption and incorporate secure transaction payments. Simulation results demonstrate that security and privacy can be enhanced in RPM with the PCA based End to End architecture.
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In the reviewed studies on data management aspects of blockchain in healthcare, the majority focused on preventing unauthorized access and protecting against eavesdropping.
“The majority of reviewed studies have focused their attention on preventing unauthorized access (Nguyen et al., 2019) and protecting against eavesdropping (Uddin et al., 2018).”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Uddin et al., 2018
Uddin et al. assumed patients would use smartphones to collect and store medical data from sensors.
“For example, Uddin et al. (2018) assume that users, i.e. patients, would utilize a smartphone to collect and store required medical data from sensors.”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Uddin et al., 2018
Blockchains can consume very large amounts of energy.
“For example, organizations should carefully evaluate the operating costs of blockchain considering the fact that blockchains can consume very large amounts of energy (Truby, 2018;Uddin et al. 2018).”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Uddin et al. 2018
The Patient Centric Agent in Ref. [239] operates on the patient's hardware at the end of the patient and creates collaboration between the blockchain and the sensor networks in the patient's body.
“The Patient Centric Agent in Ref. [239] operates on the patient's hardware at the end of the patient and creates collaboration between the blockchain and the sensor networks in the patient's body [287].”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [239]
The Patient Centric Agent [239] does not directly transmit transactions to the blockchain network; instead, it creates blocks by organizing a certain number of transactions.
“the Patient Centric Agent [239] does not directly transmit transactions to the blockchain network; instead, it creates blocks by organizing a certain number of transactions.”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [239]
Inclusion of the Patient Centric Agent [239] with an eHealth framework can reduce the bandwidth requirements.
“Thus, the inclusion of Patient Centric Agent [239] with eHealth framework can reduce the bandwidth requirements.”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [239]
The system in Ref. [239] has a centralised blockchain controller at the end of the patient and decentralized blockchain storage at the other end.
“However, the system has a centralised blockchain controller at the end of the patient and decentralized blockchain storage at the other end.”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [239]
Blockchain-based ehealth architectures have been designed to manage health data autonomously.
“Blockchain-based ehealth architectures [1,15,16] have been designed to manage health data autonomously.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
The Proof of Work consensus mechanism applied in [15,16,22] needs high computational overhead, long delays, and a great deal of power.
“the Proof of Work consensus mechanism applied in [15,16,22] needs high computational overhead, long delays, and a great deal of power.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Symmetric key encryption such as AES or DES is appropriate for memory and power-constrained devices like smartphones.
“Symmetric key encryption technique such as AES or DES [74] is appropriate for memory and power-constrained devices like smartphones [15].”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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References 59 · Cited by 264
- Authors
- Uddin, M. A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I., & Balasubramanian, V.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 32700-32726
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2807965149
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 44.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Federation University Australia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- blockchain, Internet of Things, healthcare data privacy, lightweight communication protocols, electronic health records, energy-efficient blockchain
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